Must we focus on comprehensive benefits when developing water-saving irrigation?

“Water is the lifeline of human survival, as well as the lifeline of agriculture and the entire economic construction. We must attach great importance to water issues.” my country is one of the 13 water-poor countries in the world. The per capita water resource possession is 2,300 m3, which is only 1/4 of the world's per capita level, ranking 109th in the world. The average water resource possession per hectare of land is 27,000 m3, only the world's average water resource possession. 1/3 of the average. The amount of water resources in North China, Northwest China and Northeast China, which account for more than 50% of the land area, only accounts for about 20% of the national total. Seasonal and regional water shortage problems in agriculture are very serious. Crop yields are low and unstable due to water shortages. Insufficient surface water resources in the northern region have led to overexploitation of groundwater. In the past five years, the groundwater level in the north has dropped by 15m, and all five major rivers, except the Yangtze River, are short of water. The area of ??regional groundwater falling funnels across the country has reached 82,000 km2. According to current water consumption statistics, the country's water shortage in moderate drought years is 35.8 billion m3, of which agricultural irrigation water shortage is 30 billion m3. In recent years, the problem of river outages in the north has become increasingly prominent. The duration and length of the Yellow River's outages have become longer and longer. In 1972, the outage lasted for 15 days, in 1996 for 133 days, and in 1997, which lasted for 226 days. The distance is more than 700 kilometers. At present, there is a large gap in water efficiency between industry and agriculture in my country, and water consumption per unit of industrial products is relatively high (higher than in the United States, Japan, Germany and other countries). With the rapid development of industry and the acceleration of urbanization, industrial and urban water consumption will inevitably increase rapidly, and agricultural water use will face a more severe situation. According to statistics, the share of industrial water use has increased from 2 in the 1950s to 25 in the 1990s, urban water use has increased from 2 to 9, and agricultural water use has dropped from 79 to 62. The situation of my country's water resources is indeed not optimistic. It should be recognized that if short-term behavior is adopted in the development and utilization of water resources, the consequences will be very serious. The time has come when drastic measures must be taken to reverse this use of debt.

The development of water-saving irrigation is a revolution

Water-saving irrigation is based on the water demand patterns of crops and local water supply conditions, effectively utilizing precipitation and irrigation water to obtain the best economic benefits for agriculture. A general term for various measures taken to achieve benefits, social benefits, and ecological and environmental benefits. According to the above water resources situation, to develop agriculture, water-saving irrigation must be developed. It should be said that water-saving irrigation is a major revolution with far-reaching significance in the history of farmland irrigation and even agricultural water development. Water-saving irrigation not only saves water, but also saves land, increases agricultural output, improves economic benefits, increases farmers' income, reduces the workload of farmland water conservancy infrastructure, and helps protect the environment. To save irrigation water, we must first improve the utilization rate of natural precipitation, and at the same time make full and reasonable use of various water sources that can be used for agricultural production, such as surface water, underground water, irrigation return water, treated sewage, and soil water. stand up. Water-saving irrigation in a broad sense includes many measures for efficient water use in agriculture, such as rainwater storage, soil moisture conservation, canal and well integration, canal water optimization, agronomic water conservation, water management, etc.

The development of water-saving irrigation must follow economic laws

It is not difficult to see from the above that to achieve the purpose of water-saving, a certain amount of funds and the construction of many necessary facilities are necessary, such as the implementation of sprinkler irrigation Or drip irrigation requires laying plastic pipes and installing sprinklers, drippers, etc. Combined with my country's national conditions and economic foundation, we should avoid blindly pursuing "advancedness" and spending large sums of money to import equipment from abroad while ignoring my country's own experience. For example, one city has introduced water-saving irrigation equipment from France, Austria, Israel, Greece, Australia and other countries, and also built a 10,000 m3 Dutch fully automatic control greenhouse. However, there are no reports on the economic benefit evaluation of using these devices. However, some of the successful experiences created by our country are rarely known. For example, the field crop drip irrigation system established by the Ministry of Water Resources in Guanyao Village, Shanhua Township, Yanshi City, Henan Province has been in operation for 18 years since 1980, and the cost is only more than 200 yuan/mu. Another example is the "Yanshan Drip Irrigation" successfully developed in our country, which is the "low-cost micro-drip irrigation" praised by foreign experts as "Fool's Drip Irrigation", but has not yet been promoted in large countries.

In order to effectively promote water-saving irrigation work, we must act in accordance with economic laws.

The author believes that water price is the core of promoting the implementation of water-saving irrigation. Only by leveraging this lever can the country truly promote water-saving irrigation. Practices at home and abroad have proven that reasonable water prices are not only the driving force for the development of water-saving irrigation, but also the key to achieving a virtuous cycle of water management units. On the contrary, saving water can only be empty talk. At present, my country's current water prices are seriously deviated from value. Water prices are too low, with only 2 to 6 cents per cubic meter of irrigation water charged. Cheap water fees prevent farmers from cherishing water, especially in artesian irrigation areas. The irrigation technology is backward, the management is extensive, the canal system leaks seriously, the irrigation quota is too large, and the irrigation water per mu exceeds 100 m3, and the water utilization rate is generally only 30~ 40; Water pumping in well irrigation areas and pumping stations only charges electricity fees. Irrigation water fees are so low that farmers have not cared about saving water for a long time, resulting in long-term backward conditions such as flooding and string irrigation in canal irrigation areas. It not only wastes water but also worsens the ecological environment. To this end, the state should formulate reasonable water prices based on water quantity factors, environmental water quality factors, water conservancy and irrigation project factors, farmers' affordability, price increase index, etc., and implement them in accordance with the law. In the specific implementation process, it can be carried out step by step in accordance with the principle of "differentiating situations, treating them separately, unifying the time, and implementing them step by step".

Establish three major systems to comprehensively promote the development of water-saving irrigation

In order to carry out water-saving irrigation work in a down-to-earth manner, we must establish three major systems for water-saving irrigation, namely: water-saving irrigation Irrigation technology system, water-saving irrigation standard system and water-saving irrigation benefit evaluation system.

Water-saving irrigation technology system

Water-saving irrigation technology is a technical measure taken to make full use of irrigation water resources, improve water utilization and efficiency, and achieve high yield and high quality of crops. It is a comprehensive technical system composed of water-saving technical measures in water resources, engineering, agriculture, management and other links. The technical system mainly includes the following contents:

Rational development and utilization technology of water resources, which includes rational utilization technology of surface water and underground water, well testing and transformation technology, irrigation return water utilization technology, inferior water utilization technology, Comprehensive utilization technology of multiple water sources, etc.

Water-saving engineering technologies and measures include sprinkler irrigation technology, micro-irrigation technology, channel anti-seepage technology, low-pressure pipeline water transmission technology, etc.

Water-saving agricultural technology, which includes farming and moisture conservation technology, rain-friendly planting and covering moisture conservation technology, fertilizer and soil improvement technology, the use of economic irrigation quotas, drought-resistant variety selection, rice shallow wet irrigation technology, etc.

Water-saving management technology includes establishing various water management organizations, formulating project management and operation management systems, planning water use, optimizing water distribution, reasonably collecting water fees, formulating water-saving irrigation systems, and improving water quality. utilization rate, forecast crop irrigation, use advanced water measurement and control equipment and computer technology to realize automation of irrigation water management, etc.

Water-saving irrigation standard system

Irrigation water flows from the water source to the field to being absorbed by crops and forming yields, including water resource scheduling, water delivery, water distribution, irrigation, soil evaporation, plant Transpiration and many other links, water-saving irrigation must take corresponding water-saving measures in these links. In order to comprehensively and objectively reflect the situation of water-saving irrigation without making the problem too complicated, the irrigation water consumption, irrigation water utilization coefficient (canal water utilization coefficient, field water utilization coefficient), technical requirements of projects and measures (canal water utilization coefficient) should be analyzed Infiltration rate, pipeline water delivery in well irrigation areas, sprinkler irrigation projects, micro-irrigation projects, field projects for surface irrigation) and efficiency establishment standards. If the standards are not met, it cannot be considered as water-saving irrigation.

Benefit evaluation system of water-saving irrigation

This system should consider the following factors: water saving (m3/year), energy saving (kilowatt hours/year), production increase benefit, saving Land benefit, labor saving benefit (man-days), transfer benefit (yuan/year, refers to the benefit generated by using saved water for industry and urban life), environmental benefit (yuan/year), substitution benefit (yuan/year ). Only by conscientiously implementing technical specifications, strictly implementing standards, and truly calculating benefits can water-saving irrigation work develop steadily.

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