Reservoir detailed data collection

Reservoirs, generally interpreted as "water conservancy engineering structures for retaining floods and regulating water flows, can be used for irrigation, power generation, flood control and fish farming." It refers to an artificial lake formed by building a barrage at the narrow entrance of a canyon or river. After the reservoir is completed, it can play a role in flood control, water storage irrigation, water supply, power generation, fish farming and so on. Sometimes natural lakes are also called reservoirs. Reservoirs are usually divided into small, medium and large reservoirs according to their storage capacity.

Basic introduction Chinese name: Reservoir Pinyin: shuǐ kù Three parts: dam, spillway, and drainage structure Functions: flood control, water storage irrigation, water supply, etc. Reservoir scale: small, medium, large, other types: three major parts of hydraulic engineering buildings, functions, construction reasons, shortcomings, top ten reservoirs, Walter, kuibyshev, smallwood, Kariba and Buchta Ming. The flood control function of 1 reservoir is one of the engineering measures widely used in flood control in China. A comprehensive reservoir with flood storage capacity should be built at an appropriate position in the upstream of the flood control area, and the flood storage capacity of the reservoir should be used to reduce the flood peak flow into the downstream river, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing flood disasters. There are two different ways for reservoir to regulate flood, one is flood detention and the other is flood storage. Reservoir (1) flood detention is to let the flood temporarily stay in the reservoir. When there is no gate control on the spillway of the reservoir and the water level of the reservoir is flush with the elevation of the spillway crest, the reservoir can only play the role of temporary flood interception. (2) Flood storage function In the case that the spillway is not equipped with a gate, in the stage of reservoir management and operation, if the water level of the reservoir can be reduced to the flood limit level before the flood season, and the flood limit level of the reservoir is lower than the spillway crest elevation, then the storage capacity between the flood limit level and the spillway crest elevation can play a role in flood storage. Part of the flood stored in the reservoir can be used in a planned way to bring benefits into play in the dry season. When the spillway is equipped with gates, the reservoir can play a greater role in flood storage, and the reservoir can adjust the flow by changing the opening of the gates. Because of the gate control, the flood control limit water level of this kind of reservoir can be higher than the spillway crest, and the gate opening can be adjusted at any time to control the flow during flood discharge, which has dual functions of flood detention and storage. The precipitation falling on the surface of the basin (partially seeping into the ground) and the water leaking into the river channel from the ground and underground in different ways are called river runoff. Due to the variability and non-repetition of river runoff, the incoming water is different from year to year, from season to season, and from region to region. Most water conservancy departments (such as irrigation, power generation, water supply, shipping, etc. ) need a relatively fixed water consumption and water consumption time, and their requirements are often not fully adapted to natural water supply. In order to solve the problem of redistribution of runoff in time and space and fully develop and utilize water resources to meet the requirements of water conservancy departments, people often build some reservoir projects on rivers. The beneficial function of the reservoir is to regulate runoff, store flood and make up for drought, so that natural water can meet the requirements of the water conservancy department in time and space. Construction reason: 1. Provide tap water and irrigation water for nearby areas; The second is to use the hydroelectric generator on the dam to generate electricity; Part of the canal system; Fourth, the flood control benefit of the reservoir; 5. Regulate the runoff in the reservoir area and downstream; Other uses include fishing. Disadvantages 1. Increasing the frequency of disasters may induce earthquakes and increase the frequency of earthquakes in the reservoir area and nearby areas. Because the lower part of the mountain on both sides of the mountain is soaked for a long time in the future, the frequency of landslides, landslides and mudslides will increase. 2. Sediment deposition in the reservoir area will inevitably be deposited in the reservoir, especially in the dam and reservoir tail (due to the influence of backwater) because of dam interception and water potential change to alleviate the influence of backwater at the reservoir tail. 3. Continuous irrigation makes the groundwater level rise, bringing the salt in deep soil to the surface, and the high content of salt and various chemical residues in irrigation water lead to soil salinization. 4. The water surface area in the reservoir area with deteriorated water quality is large, a large amount of water evaporates, and soil salinization increases the salt and chemical residues in the soil, thus polluting the groundwater and increasing the salt content of the downstream rivers. 5. Changes in river water quality Due to the deterioration of water quality and the slowdown of water flow, aquatic plants and algae spread everywhere, which not only evaporated a lot of river water, but also blocked river irrigation channels and so on. These aquatic plants not only spread all over irrigation channels, but also invaded major rivers. They hinder the effective operation of irrigation channels and need to be cleaned by mechanical or chemical methods frequently. This increases the maintenance cost of the irrigation system. 6. Impact on the downstream river course Due to the change of water potential and sediment concentration, it may also change the river direction and alluvial degree of the downstream river section, resulting in serious erosion and erosion of the river bed, and the river (sea) mouth will retreat to the land direction. 7. Due to the static water flow, the incidence of schistosomiasis and other epidemics in the downstream has increased. 8. The influence of migration As the water level rises, the reservoir area is flooded, so it is necessary to emigrate. Moreover, due to the construction of the reservoir, the scenic spots and cultural relics in the reservoir area have been flooded and need to be relocated and restored. 9. Impact on Climate After water storage in the reservoir area, the water area expands and the water evaporation increases, which reduces the temperature difference between day and night in nearby areas and changes the climate environment in the reservoir area. 10. Diplomatic influence The construction of a reservoir on an international river is tantamount to the redistribution of water resources, which indirectly affects the relationship between the country where the reservoir is located and the downstream countries. 1 1. Loss of value inundates cultural relics or causes loss of ornamental value of the original natural landscape. Top Ten Reservoirs In terms of area, the top ten reservoirs in the world: Lake Walter in Walter Ghana has a total area of about 8,482 square kilometers, which was formed after the dam was built at the canyon 196 1 to 1963. This dam is called Akosombo Dam. Cosombo Dam, located on the volta river in eastern Ghana, is a multi-objective project to develop the water resources of the Volta River, which has many benefits such as power generation, flood control, irrigation, shipping and fishery. Core rockfill dam, the maximum dam height is 14 1m, the total reservoir capacity is148 billion cubic meters, the total installed capacity of the power station is 882,000 kilowatts, and the annual power generation is 5.625 billion kwh. The project started construction in May, 196 1. 1966 put into operation. 1967 When Walter Reservoir was completely completed, there were 8,000 people living in its flooded area, accounting for 1% of the national population at that time. The water area is 8500 square kilometers, which is almost 4% of the land area. The hydroelectric power plant of Walter Reservoir Dam generates 9,654,380+200,000 watts, which is used for the aluminum smelter in Tema Port, Gulf of Guinea, and also meets other power needs of Ghana. There is a power station at the western end of the dam, with an installed capacity of 900,000 kilowatts, which has increased Ghana's power generation by nine times and is more than enough for the whole country. 70% of the electricity is used by foreign aluminum companies headquartered in Ghana. They mainly import cheap bauxite from Guinea, and then use cheap hydropower to smelt aluminum in Ghana, with an annual output value of $200 million, while Ghana receives $65.438+0.7 million for electricity. Electricity is also exported to neighboring Togo, Benin and Ivory Coast. Samara Reservoir in kuibyshev is the largest reservoir in Russia, built by Volga Hydropower Station. In the middle reaches of the Volga River. The dam is 4400 meters long and 80 meters high. The reservoir is 650 kilometers long and 27 kilometers wide, covering an area of 6,450 square kilometers, with a storage capacity of 58 billion cubic meters and an effective storage capacity of 34 billion cubic meters. The water level difference is 7.5 meters. 1950 Construction started. Electricity is supplied to the Urals, the Volga River basin and Moscow. It has the advantages of shipping, fishery, irrigation and urban water supply. Important coastal cities include Ulyanovsk and Kazan. Reservoir Smowood Smowood Reservoir, with a total area of about 5698 square kilometers. Kariba Kariba Reservoir is a reservoir located about 300 kilometers southeast of Zambia's capital, with an area of about 5,580 square kilometers. It straddles the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. After the completion of the Kariba Dam, the reservoir will store water from 1958 to 1963. Now it is one of the famous tourist attractions in Zambia. The total area of Bukhtarma Reservoir in Buchta is about 5,490 square kilometers. Bratzke Blatsk Reservoir is located on the angara River, a tributary of the Yenisei River, with the east longitude of 75- 1 15 and the north latitude of 48-73. It is an artificial lake with the largest water storage capacity in the world. The total area is 5426 square kilometers, the total storage capacity169.4 billion cubic meters and the effective storage capacity is 48.2 billion cubic meters. Its southeast is the fold belt near Baikal Mountain and Lake Baikal, which is composed of hypabyssal crystalline rocks. The mountainous area above 2000 meters is a very dry basin, and earthquakes often occur. The reservoir area includes Angara River above Bratzke and its tributaries Oka River and Yiya River. Lake Nasser is an important reservoir on the Nile River in Egypt, located in upper Egypt and northern Sudan, which was formed by the interception of Nile water by Aswan High Dam. The dam was built in 1960s and completed in 197 1. The total area is 5,248 square kilometers, the total storage capacity is 65.438+0689 billion cubic meters, and the irrigation area is increased by 324,000 hectares, thus realizing the transformation from flood area to irrigation area. Two-thirds (north) of the reservoir is in Egypt, and the remaining 1/3 is in Sudan, which is called Nubian reservoir. Ribinsk Reservoir, also known as Ribinsk Sea (Russian: рыбинскоеводохр), is located in the upper reaches of the Volga River. Located in Tver, vologda and yaroslavl, it is the eighth largest artificial lake in the world and the second largest in Europe. The reservoir extends 204 kilometers along the river, with a maximum width of 60 kilometers and an area of 4,580 square kilometers. The storage capacity is 25.4 billion cubic meters and the effective storage capacity is 65.438+06.7 billion cubic meters. The average water depth is 5.6 meters, and the water level changes by 4-5 meters. The dam was built at 1935, and power generation started at 194 1. The installed capacity is 330,000 kilowatts, and the average annual power generation is1.1.600 million kwh, supplying power to Moscow, yaroslavl and Tver. It also has the advantages of shipping and fishing. When the reservoir opened, 663 villages in yaroslavl and the ancient city of Mologa were flooded. About 6.5438+0.5 million local residents were evacuated at the same time. Cania pisco Caniapiscau Reservoir covers an area of about 43 18 square kilometers. Guli Lake, a reservoir on the caroni River. Since 1963, Guri dam and hydropower station have been built in Neikuima Gorge in the middle reaches of Karoni River. The dam height is162m, the reservoir area is 4,250km2, the storage capacity is1400 million cubic meters, and the installed capacity is1030,000 kilowatts. 1986165438+10 was completed in October, making it one of the largest hydropower stations in the world.