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Industrial handling vehicles refer to all kinds of wheeled handling vehicles used for pallet loading and unloading, stacking and short-distance transportation. ISO/TC 1 10 is called industrial vehicle.

Scope of application:

Industrial handling vehicles are widely used in ports, stations, airports, freight yards, factory workshops, warehouses, distribution centers and so on. , and can enter cabins, carriages and containers to load and unload and carry pallet goods. It is an essential equipment for pallet transportation and container transportation.

Forklift plays a very important role in the logistics system of enterprises and is the main force in material handling equipment. Widely used in stations, ports, airports, factories, warehouses and other departments of the national economy, it is an efficient equipment for mechanized loading and unloading, stacking and short-distance transportation. The self-propelled forklift truck appears in 19 17. Forklift trucks were developed during World War II. China began to manufacture forklifts in the early 1950s. Especially with the rapid development of China's economy, the material handling of most enterprises has been separated from the original manual handling, and replaced by forklift-based mechanized handling. Therefore, in the past few years, the demand of forklift truck market in China has increased at a double-digit rate every year.

At present, there are many forklift brands and complicated models available in the market. In addition, the product itself is highly technical and professional, so the choice of models and suppliers is often faced by many enterprises. This paper focuses on the model selection, brand selection, performance evaluation criteria and contribution rate of forklift trucks in overseas markets in China. I. Vehicle selection 1. Vehicle classification Forklifts can usually be divided into three categories: internal combustion forklifts, electric forklifts and storage forklifts.

(1) internal combustion forklift

& lt/B& gt； Diesel forklifts are divided into ordinary diesel forklifts, heavy forklifts, container forklifts and side forklifts.

① Ordinary internal combustion forklift [2]?

Generally, it is powered by diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas or natural gas engines, with a deadweight of 1.2 ~ 8.0 tons and a working channel width of 3.5 ~ 5.0 meters. Considering the problem of exhaust emission and noise, it is usually used outdoors, in workshops or other places where there is no special requirement for exhaust emission and noise. Because of the convenient fuel supply, it can realize long-term continuous operation and be competent for work in harsh environment (such as rainy days).

② Heavy forklift

It is powered by diesel engine, bearing 10.0 ~ 52.0 tons, and is generally used for outdoor work in industries with heavy goods such as docks and steel.

③ Container forklift

Powered by diesel engine, it has a bearing capacity of 8.0 ~ 45.0 tons, and is generally divided into empty container stacker, heavy container stacker and container front crane. It is suitable for container loading and unloading, such as container yard or port terminal operation.

④ Side forklift

Powered by diesel engine, the carrying capacity is 3.0 ~ 6.0 tons. Without turning, it has the ability to fork goods directly from the side, so it is mainly used to fork long goods, such as wooden bars and steel bars.

(2) Electric forklift

Take motor as power and battery as energy. The bearing capacity is 1.0 ~ 8.0 tons, and the working channel width is generally 3.5 ~ 5.0 meters. Because of no pollution and low noise, it is widely used in indoor work and other working conditions with high environmental requirements, such as medicine, food and other industries. With people's attention to environmental protection, electric forklifts are gradually replacing internal combustion forklifts. Because each group of batteries usually needs to be charged after working for about 8 hours, it is necessary to equip spare batteries for multi-shift working conditions.

(3) storage forklift

The storage forklift is mainly designed for cargo handling in the warehouse. Except for a few storage forklifts (such as manual pallet forklifts), the rest are driven by electric motors, which are widely used in the storage industry because of their compact body, flexible movement, light weight and good environmental protection performance. When working in multiple shifts, the storage forklift driven by motor needs to have spare batteries.

① Electric pallet truck

The bearing capacity is 1.6 ~ 3.0 tons, the working channel width is generally 2.3 ~ 2.8 meters, and the lifting height of the fork is generally about 2 10mm, which is mainly used for horizontal handling and cargo loading and unloading in the warehouse. There are three operation modes: walking, standing and sitting, which can be selected according to the efficiency requirements.

② Electric pallet stacker

Electric pallet stacker can be divided into full electric pallet stacker and semi-electric pallet stacker. As the name implies, the former is driven, and the lifting is electrically controlled, which is more labor-saving. The latter needs to manually pull or push the forklift to walk, and the lifting is electric.

The bearing capacity is 1.0 ~ 2.5 tons, and the working channel width is generally 2.3 ~ 2.8 meters. Structurally, it has one more gantry than the electric pallet handling forklift, and the lifting height of the fork is generally less than 4.8 meters, which is mainly used for stacking and loading and unloading goods in the warehouse.

③ Forward forklift

Bearing capacity 1.0 ~ 2.5 tons, gantry can move forward or retract as a whole. When put away, the width of the working channel is generally 2.7 ~ 3.2 meters, and the maximum lifting height can reach about 1 1 meter, which is often used for stacking and picking up goods in medium-height warehouses.

④ Electric forklift

In some working conditions (such as the distribution center of a supermarket), it is not necessary to ship the whole pallet, but to pick a variety of goods according to the order to form a pallet, which is called picking. According to the pick-up height, electric pick-up forklifts can be divided into low-position pick-up forklifts (within 2.5m) and medium-high pick-up forklifts (up to 10m).

Bearing capacity is 2.0 ~ 2.5 tons (low position), 1.0 ~ 1.2 tons (middle and high position, with cab lifting).

⑤ Drive a three-way stacking forklift at a low position.

Usually equipped with a three-way stacking dock, the forklift does not need to turn, and the fork can rotate to stack and pick up the goods on both sides. The channel width is 1.5 ~ 2.0m, and the lifting height can reach 12m. The cab of the forklift can never be lifted on the ground. Considering the limitation of operating field of vision, it is mainly used to lift the height below 6 meters.

⑥ Three-way stacking forklift with high position.

Similar to the low-position three-way stacking forklift, the high-position three-way stacking forklift is also equipped with three-way stacking heads, with the channel width of 1.5 ~ 2.0m and the lifting height of14.5m. Its cab can be lifted and lowered, so that the driver can clearly observe the goods at any height and can also pick goods. The high-position driving three-way stacking forklift is superior to the low-position driving three-way stacking forklift in efficiency and performance, so this model has gradually replaced the low-position driving three-way stacking forklift.

(4) Electric tractors

Electric tractor (trailer)

The tractor is driven by a motor, and with its traction capacity (3.0 ~ 25 tons), it pulls several cars full of goods behind it. It is often used to transport a large number of goods in workshops or between workshops, such as transportation from warehouses to assembly lines in automobile manufacturing and luggage transportation at airports.

2. According to the working conditions, the selection of vehicle type and configuration should generally start from the following aspects:

(1) Job functions

The basic operation functions of forklift are divided into horizontal handling, stacking/picking, loading/unloading and picking. According to the operation function that the enterprise wants to realize, it can be preliminarily determined from the model introduced above. In addition, special operating functions will affect the specific configuration of forklift trucks, such as carrying paper rolls and molten iron. And forklift trucks need to be equipped with accessories to complete special functions.

(2) Operating requirements

The operating requirements of forklift trucks include general requirements such as pallet or cargo specifications, lifting height, working channel width and climbing degree. At the same time, we also need to consider the requirements of operating efficiency (different models have different efficiencies) and operating habits (such as sitting or standing).

(3) Working environment

If the goods to be carried by the enterprise or the warehouse environment has environmental protection requirements such as noise or exhaust emission, it should be considered when selecting the vehicle type and configuration. If it is in a cold storage or an environment with explosion-proof requirements, the forklift configuration should also be cold storage type or explosion-proof type. Carefully check the places where the forklift truck needs to pass during operation, and imagine possible problems, such as whether the height of the door affects the forklift truck when entering and leaving the warehouse; The influence of elevator height and load on forklift when entering and leaving the elevator; When working upstairs, whether the floor bearing capacity meets the corresponding requirements, and so on.

When selecting the type and determining the configuration, it is necessary to describe the working conditions in detail to the forklift supplier and conduct on-the-spot investigation to ensure that the selected forklift fully meets the needs of the enterprise. Even if the analysis of the above steps is completed, there may still be several models that meet the above requirements at the same time. At this time, we need to pay attention to the following aspects:

① Different models have different work efficiency, so the number of forklifts and drivers required is also different, which will lead to a series of cost changes. For more information, see the discussion on cost in the performance evaluation section of this article.

(2) If the forklift works in the warehouse, different models require different channel widths and different lifting capacities, which will bring about changes in the layout of the warehouse, such as changes in the amount of goods stored.

(3) The change of vehicle type and quantity will affect many aspects such as fleet management.

④ Different models have different market holdings and different after-sales support capabilities. For example, the low-position three-way stacking forklift and the high-position three-way stacking forklift belong to the narrow aisle forklift series, and both of them can finish stacking and picking up goods in a very narrow aisle (1.5 ~ 2.0m). In the past, the cab could not be lifted, the operating field of vision was poor and the working efficiency was low. Because the latter can completely cover the functions of the former, and its performance is more outstanding, the market sales volume of the latter is 4-5 times that of the former in Europe and more than 6 times that of China. Therefore, most suppliers focus on the development of high-position three-way stacking forklifts, while low-position three-way stacking forklifts are only used under the working conditions of small tonnage and low lifting height (generally within 6 meters). When the market sales volume is small, the service ability, experience and spare parts inventory level of its after-sales service engineers will be relatively weak.

After comprehensively evaluating the impacts of the above aspects, choose the most reasonable scheme. Second, brand selection There are dozens of forklift brands in the domestic market, from domestic to imported.

Domestic brands: Heli, Hangdian, Dalian, He Shan Intelligent, Giant Whale, Hunan Forklift, Guangzhou Automobile, Jixinxiang, Tailifu, Jingjiang, Liugong, Jiali, Jingjiang Baodi, Tianjin Forklift, Luoyang Yi Tuo, Shangli Heavy Industry, Yuchai Forklift, Hefu Yitong, Hunan Hengli, etc.

Imported brands: Linde (Germany), Hester (USA), Toyota (Japan), Eternal Power (Germany), BT (Sweden), Komatsu (Japan), TCM (Japan), Li Zhiyou (Japan), Nissan (Japan), Hyundai (Korea), Doosan Daewoo (Korea) and Crown.

Joint venture brands: Weishihai, Ruyi and Li Nuo.

First determine several brands as the scope of consideration, and then make a comprehensive evaluation. In the initial stage, the following aspects are usually regarded as the primary criteria:

1, brand product quality and reputation;

2, the brand's after-sales support ability, whether there are service outlets in or near the location of the enterprise;

3. The product quality and service of the brand used by the enterprise;

4. The selected brand needs to be consistent with the positioning of the enterprise.

After the primary election, the comprehensive evaluation of each brand includes brand, product quality, price, service ability and so on.

Many enterprises have some misunderstandings when choosing brands: if all forklifts are imported brands, the quality is similar and the price should be close. In fact, this is a common sense mistake, just like a car. There are many imported automobile brands, and the price gap between different brands is also great, but the performance is of course different. In addition, forklift trucks are industrial equipment, and ensuring the normal operation of the equipment to the maximum extent is one of the goals of enterprises, and shutdown means loss. Therefore, it is essential to choose a brand with guaranteed after-sales service. The forklift market in China is very large, which attracts many foreign forklift suppliers. However, China has a vast territory, and it is difficult to establish a nationwide professional service network without a certain amount of time. [Edit this paragraph] III. Performance evaluation criteria In the comprehensive evaluation, many enterprises often fail to make a reasonable judgment on product quality because they don't know forklift professional knowledge and technology. Generally speaking, the superior performance of high-quality forklift trucks is often reflected in many aspects, such as high efficiency, low cost, high reliability, good ergonomic design, convenient service and so on.

1, high efficiency

High efficiency not only means high speed (driving, lifting and descending speed), but also means that the time required for the operator to complete a work cycle is short, and this efficiency can be maintained throughout the working time. Many factors can improve efficiency:

(1) speed, such as driving speed, vertical speed, etc. ;

(2) Application of ergonomics design to reduce the number of operations;

③ Accuracy of operation;

④ The application of ergonomics design can minimize fatigue;

⑤ Good eyesight;

2, the cost is low

When an enterprise purchases and uses a forklift, the total annual cost includes:

① Procurement cost;

② Maintenance cost;

③ Energy consumption cost;

④ Labor cost.

The purchase cost will be shared equally during the life of the forklift. Therefore, the high-priced forklift will reduce the purchase cost because of its longer life.

The actual maintenance cost is not only related to the cost of maintenance parts, but also related to the failure rate or failure time. Therefore, a high-quality forklift has a lower maintenance cost because of its low failure rate.

Forklift trucks with different power systems, such as electricity, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas or gasoline, will have different energy consumption costs.

The labor cost varies with the number of drivers and their total monthly salary. Using efficient forklifts will reduce the number of drivers.

3. High security

The safety design of forklift should fully ensure the safety of drivers, goods and forklift itself. High-quality forklifts often consider every detail and every possibility in the safety design.

4. Ergonomics

Ergonomics is a science widely used in product design, especially in improving the operating environment. Its purpose is to maximize production efficiency by reducing driver fatigue and increasing operating comfort.

In forklift design, ergonomics is embodied in various aspects:

① Reduce the driver's fatigue during operation: the unique design can reduce the driver's operation and make the operation more labor-saving;

② Comfort: Humanized design can keep the driver in a good mood and reduce operational errors;

③ Good visual field: It provides a good visual field for forklift operation, which can not only improve efficiency, but also ensure the safety of drivers.

5, convenient maintenance

Consider whether the forklift is easy to maintain. All parts should be easy to replace, and faults should be diagnosed and eliminated quickly. The control system of high-quality forklift trucks has been modularized, which can be directly connected with notebook computers, and can quickly find faults or modify parameter settings (such as driving speed) by using diagnostic programs.

Before buying a forklift, an enterprise should not only know the price and tonnage of the forklift, but also make a purchase decision after considering the strength, reputation and service guarantee of the forklift manufacturer in combination with the specific working conditions and development planning of the enterprise. A powerful forklift supplier can provide reliable after-sales service, and its sales staff should have professional knowledge and can help customers complete the selection of vehicle types and configurations.

CPCD should be a forklift model code, just like FD/FG now. The first C should be a domestic code, followed by an internal combustion engine or battery. CPCD is a universal forklift. C: forklift; P: balance weight; C: diesel engine; D: tonnage. There is also a side fork whose code is CCCD, etc. Some special forklifts have their own codes.

The key parameters are:

1. Load capacity;

2. Engine brand model;

3. Electronic control brand mode;

4. Several stages of portal frame;

5. Accessories: side shifter, fixture, rotator, ejector, carton special fixture, oil drum fixture, etc.

6. Solid tires, pneumatic tires.

At present, Linde is the largest brand in the world, and Heli is the strongest brand in China. Fourthly, the contribution rate of forklift sales in overseas markets in China has increased rapidly.

In 2007, the sales volume of forklift trucks in China reached1390,000, a year-on-year increase of 30%; Forklift trucks exported 47,000 vehicles, a year-on-year increase of 78%, and the export volume accounted for about 34% of sales; The contribution rate of export increment to sales growth reaches 65%.

In 2007, global forklift sales reached 907,000 vehicles, up 65,438+00% year-on-year. The consumption composition by region is as follows: Europe accounts for about 40% of the world forklift market; Followed by North America (USA+Canada) market, about 21%; China's market share has exceeded11%; The proportion of Japan does not exceed10%; The proportion in other parts of the world is close to 16%.

China's internal combustion balance heavy-duty forklift "Internal combustion balance heavy-duty forklift" accounts for about 80% of the sales, while electric forklift accounts for more than 50% of the global forklift sales. This is because the electric forklift has become the mainstream product in the forklift market in Europe, America and Japan. Due to the low requirements for environmental protection in China, more frequent forklift operations, harsh working environment and high operating costs, the domestic demand for forklifts will still tend to use internal combustion forklifts for a long time.

In the global forklift market structure, Toyota and Linde are far ahead, with annual sales income exceeding $5 billion; Ancha and Hangcha occupy a dominant position in the domestic forklift market, with a combined market share of over 50%.

As the export volume of forklift trucks in China is still low in overseas markets, with outstanding cost performance advantages, the export tax rebate leads to the export impulse of domestic enterprises. It is predicted that the export of forklift trucks in China will maintain rapid growth in the future, with a compound growth rate of not less than 30% before 20 10. In the next three years, the annual growth rate of domestic forklift sales is expected to remain above 20%, and the dependence on overseas markets will increase. Exports have become the main driving force for sales growth.

Location in forklift warehousing business process:

Warehousing business process:

(Receiving) warehousing and transportation-loading and unloading-(warehousing) temporary storage-acceptance-warehousing-storage-periodic inventory-(delivery) warehousing-loading and unloading-delivery and transportation

Safety requirements of forklift working device

1. The gantry should be free from deformation and desoldering. The rolling clearance between the internal and external portal frames should be adjusted reasonably, and should not be greater than 1.5 mm, and the rollers can rotate flexibly, and there are no cracks and defects on the rollers and shafts. The wheel groove wear shall not be greater than 10% of the original size.

2. The tension of the two chains shall be uniform without distortion, and both ends shall be firmly connected. The pitch of the chain should not exceed 4% of the original length, otherwise the chain should be replaced. Sprocket rotation should be flexible.

3. The fork frame shall not have serious deformation and weld desoldering. There shall be no cracks and welds on the fork surface. The fork root angle shall not be greater than 93, and the thickness shall not be less than 90% of the original size. The height difference between the left and right fork tips shall not exceed 3% of the length of the fork horizontal section. The positioning of the fork should be reliable, the supporting surface and positioning surface of the fork hook should not have obvious defects, and the fit gap between the fork and the fork frame should not be too large and should move smoothly.

4. The connection between the lifting cylinder and the gantry should be firm, and the hinge between the tilting cylinder and the gantry should be firm and flexible, and the fit clearance should not be too large. The oil cylinder should be well sealed, crack-free and work smoothly. Under the rated load, the self-sinking amount of lOmin portal frame is not more than 20mm, and the inclination angle is not more than 0.5. When fully loaded, the lifting speed should not be less than half of the standard value.

5. Roof protection frames and shelf stops shall be complete and effective. What are the main components of the valve train of other forklifts?

Main parts of forklift valve train [1]:

Valves: Valves are divided into intake valves and exhaust valves. Its function is to open and close the intake and exhaust channels. It consists of a head and a rod. The valve head is used to open and close the intake and exhaust channels, and the valve stem is used to guide the movement of the valve. The intake valve is made of ordinary alloy steel, and the exhaust valve is made of heat-resistant alloy steel, because the head of the exhaust valve is in direct contact with the combustion gas and is seriously heated.

In order to ensure the close contact and heat conduction between the valve head and the valve seat, a conical joint surface is adopted between the valve head and the valve seat and the ground. The included angle between the conical surface and the top surface is called the valve cone angle, and the commonly used valve cone angles are 30 and 45. Valve stem is the guiding part of valve movement. The tail of a common valve stem is provided with a groove for installing a conical locking piece.

Valve seat: The valve seat is a circular seat hole directly machined in the cylinder (side valve) or the cover (overhead valve), which cooperates with the valve to play a sealing role. Some valve seats can be made of wear-resistant alloy cast iron into seat rings and embedded in cylinder blocks or cylinder heads.

Valve guide: its function is to guide the valve to make correct axial movement, and at the same time indirectly transfer the heat of the valve stem to the water jacket. In order to facilitate repair and replacement, the valve guide is manufactured separately and then pressed into the cylinder block (or cylinder head). When the valve guide is pressed into the cylinder block (or cylinder head), there should be a certain amount of interference and press-in depth to ensure good heat transfer.

Valve spring: its function is to ensure the close cooperation between the valve and the valve seat, slow down and overcome the inertia force generated by the transmission parts such as the valve, and prevent the normal work of the valve mechanism from being damaged.

Valve tappet: It transfers the pushing motion of the cam to the valve (side-mounted) or push rod (top-mounted) to control the opening and closing of the valve.

Valve push rod: In the overhead valve train, the movement of the tappet is transmitted to the rocker arm. The push rod is a straight rod made of hollow steel pipe, with different shapes of ends welded at both ends, and the upper end is a concave spherical surface, in which the ball head of the adjusting screw on the rocker arm is located; The lower end is a spherical head for insertion into the concave ball seat of the tappet.

Valve rocker arm: Its function is to transfer the movement direction of tappet to the valve. It is an unequal-length double-arm lever with a round hole in the middle. The end of the long arm is provided with an arc-shaped working surface contacting with the valve tail; The end of the short arm is provided with a screw hole for installing an adjusting screw and a locking nut to adjust the valve clearance. The middle part is a rocker bearing with bronze bushing.

Rocker shaft: it is a hollow round shaft, which is installed on the cylinder head with several brackets. The rocker arm is sleeved on the rocker arm shaft and can swing in an arc shape on the shaft. The inner hole of the shaft is communicated with the main oil passage to provide lubricating oil to the valve train.

Camshaft: used to control the closing time and opening change of each cylinder valve. And accessories such as driving oil pump, gasoline pump and distributor. It consists of intake cam, exhaust cam, journal, gear for driving oil pump and distributor, and eccentric wheel for driving rocker arm of gasoline pump.

Timing gear: The camshaft is usually driven by the crankshaft through a pair of timing gears. The pinion is installed at the front end of the crankshaft and is called crankshaft timing gear. The big gear is installed at the front end of the camshaft, which is called camshaft timing gear. The ratio of large and small gears is 2∶ 1, that is, the crankshaft rotates twice and the camshaft rotates once.

In order to ensure the correct valve timing and ignition time, the corresponding positions of the two gears are engraved with meshing marks. In order to limit the axial movement of camshaft with the change of engine speed, an axial limit device is installed in the device.