What is the main content of Zhang Reform?

Zhang's reform is mainly carried out from three aspects: politics, economy and military affairs.

(1) Politically, correct the bad atmosphere of "poor discipline and imperfect laws", reform malpractice, rectify bureaucracy and strengthen centralization.

Zhang's political policy is "the way to respect the monarch, the way to be an instructor, the way to believe in rewards and punishments, and the way to run the world" (Biography of Ming Zhang). He took measures to rectify the official management in view of the corruption phenomenon of lax laws and regulations and top-down buck passing. 1. Eliminate redundant staff and appoint talented people. Redundant officials are eliminated, criminals are punished, and officials eager for public progress are rewarded. He emphasized that people should be qualified. "Those who can govern the country and treat the monarch with courtesy should be cited and recorded" ("Five Answers to Zhang Jiangling's Letters", "Qing Li's Theory of Using Talents"). The appointment and removal of officials is "meritocracy", regardless of seniority or personal relationship. In his words, laws should be added, but relatives and friends should not open them; Only available, alienated. The people commented: "Jiangling is a country and can use people. It is just a temporary minister. All of them are happy to use it and they will make the best use of it. " ("Guo Que" Volume 71) II. Check the name and reality comprehensively and set the examination method. It is to get rid of everything that is inconsistent with the name and reality, strengthen supervision and responsibility, and improve practical benefits. The inspection method is to evaluate the effectiveness of the work. Chapters of all six departments and the Supervision and Inspection Institute play orders, consider the priorities of things and the distance of roads, sign books, supervise and verify them regularly. If there is any delay, officials at all levels should strictly supervise. After the promulgation of this law, Chaogang was revitalized and the efficiency of functional departments was improved. The decree says, "Although Wan Li, it goes down and goes down.".

Carry out the legal system, establish the Garbo Law and stabilize the ruling order. Zhang Juzheng has always adhered to the rule of law and strict discipline in its reform. In the autumn of the sixth year of Qin Long (A.D. 1572), Zhang ordered that Mu Chaobi, a marquis of Guizhou, who repeatedly broke the law, be arrested and brought to justice. This restrained the illegal behavior of princes and nobles, and also enabled the reform measures to be implemented smoothly. At the same time, the establishment of Garbo law allows people to protect each other; Strengthen city defense, river defense and coastal defense, and guard against peasant uprisings and urban riots. Zhang is famous for his strict law enforcement. He once said: "The thief will get it. If he gets it, he will be punished, so people will not dare to do so." (Letter from Zhang Jiangling, Volume 8, Answering the General Constitution of Wu Gong) Zhang Juzheng did this in order to maintain and consolidate feudal rule.

(2) Economically, adjust policies, develop production and promote national prosperity. This is the focus of Zhang's reform.

Harness the Yellow River and build water conservancy projects. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Yellow River often burst its banks and flowed southward into the Huaihe River, blocking the canal. The rulers of the Ming Dynasty were worried that the cross-flow of the Yellow River would destroy Fengyang Tomb, affect grain transportation and cause losses to the northern economy. What is even more frightening is that the yellow flood has made people desperate and gathered people to launch a mutiny. In the third year of Wanli (AD 1575), the Yellow River flooded again. Zhang recommended Jiangdu suggestion Pan Jixun to take charge of river management. Pan Jixun was a famous hydraulic scientist in Ming Dynasty, with rich experience in water control. From the sixth year to the eighth year of Wanli (A.D. 1578- 1580), he personally visited the Yellow River regulation site, and according to the characteristics of the Yellow River, he put forward the principle of "harnessing water with dikes and attacking sand with water", that is, flushing mud into the sea with water potential. He also compiled many years of experience in river management into a book called River Prevention Survey. Pan Jixun has made some achievements in harnessing the Yellow River. Floods have been reduced and people have rebuilt their homes. "Fields and huts have been abandoned for decades and turned into ploughing mulberry, and thousands of rivers are better than irrigation and import by large farmers (referring to Cang Jing)" (History of Zhang Wenzhong).

Clear land use and orderly service. The guiding principle of Zhang's financial management is "strengthening the public and restraining the private". He believes that the root of the lack of national finance lies in the hidden occupation of land and population by bureaucrats, nobles and powerful landlords. "Hao Min has a field without giving it. Poor Song is tired. The people fled in poverty, so the amount of money decreased "("Ming History "Volume 61" Jiangling Handle Administration "). In order to solve the problem of uneven taxation, in the sixth year of Wanli (AD 1578), Zhang. The Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Development presided over the promulgation of the Clean-up Regulations. At that time, we first surveyed the flag-patrolling fields in Beijing, Shandong and Shaanxi, and then re-cleared the fields of Zhuang, Min, Zhi, Tun, Mu and Dang in the national government and counties. By the ninth year of Wanli (A.D. 158 1), land reclamation was over, with a total land area of over 7 million hectares. Although some officials made false reports and the figures were not true, after all, many lands hidden by powerful landlords were discovered. Zhang also ordered the reform of the tax system, the popularization of the whip method, the change of tax collection since the early Ming Dynasty into consolidated collection, and the rearrangement of tax collection methods. This is the innovation of service law. A few years after the implementation of the above two measures, "if [Tang] is full, the whole country will be rich" ("Tong Mingjian Volume 76"). "Taicang millet can last for ten years, and Dan Temple (Taibu Temple) has accumulated more than four million yuan" (Ming History Volume 61 Jiangling Handle Government). The Biography of Zhang Xueyan in the History of Ming Dynasty also recorded that the Ming Dynasty was the most prosperous period from the years of Zheng De and Jiajing to the ten years of Wanli.

(3) Militarily, rectify the armed and well-trained foot soldiers and appease the ethnic minorities in the border areas.

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After Zhang joined the cabinet, he attached importance to strengthening border defense work. General Li was sent to Liaodong, and the famous soldiers Tan Lun and Qi Jiguang who fought against Japan in the southeast coast were transferred to the north to guard Jizhou, Yongping and Shanhaiguan. Zhang often discusses military issues with Tan and Qi (Figure 5). Under the auspices of Tan and Qi, a section of the Great Wall from Juyongguan to Shanhaiguan was built, and 1200 enemy platform was built, thus achieving the goal of "trimming the edge and feasting the thistle gate" (Biography of Qi Jiguang in Ming Dynasty).

In the fifth year of Qin Long (A.D. 157 1 year), with the strong support of Zhang, Wang Chonggu and Fang made peace with the leaders of Xuanhua, Datong and Tumote ministries of Tatar. The Ming government awarded Anda Khan the title of "Shunyi King", his wife Sannianzi the title of "Mrs. Zhongshun", and awarded 56 leaders different official titles. At the same time, the horse markets in Datong and Ganzhou will be reopened for mutual trading. At that time, many people openly opposed this practice. Zhang retorted that Tonggong was neither a marriage between Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, nor a so-called sacrifice between Song Dynasty and Liao and Jin Dynasties, and the initiative was in the imperial court. He insisted that Mongolians and Han people should live in harmony. In the next 30-40 years, from Yan Yong in the east to Jiayu Town in the west, thousands of miles of frontier defense, artillery fire did not shake, the three armed forces fell asleep, and land and water were reclaimed and rectified, just like the mainland. Mongolian and Han people "a family, always enjoy peace."