(Zhu Ziqing) Information

Shi Chengping

Zhu Ziqing (1898165438+1October 22nd-1August 948 12), formerly known as Huazi, was a famous modern writer, essayist, scholar and democracy fighter. Originally from Shaoxing, Zhejiang, he was born in Donghai, Jiangsu, and later settled in Yangzhou with his grandfather and father. Zhu Ziqing's grandfather, Zhu Zeyu, whose real name was Yu, changed his surname because he inherited the Zhu family. During the Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, he served as a judge in Donghai County, Jiangsu Province 10 for many years. My father's name is Hong Jun, and his word is Xiaopo. He married Zhou and is a scholar. In the 27th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (190 1), Hongjun Zhu went from the East China Sea to Shaobo Town, Yangzhou Prefecture. Two years later, the whole family moved to Yangzhou and settled in Yangzhou. Zhu Ziqing's wife is named Chen Zhuyin. When I was a child, I studied in a private school and was influenced by the traditional culture of China. 19 12 entered the senior grade of primary school.

Zhu Ziqing lived in Yangzhou for 13 years. He spent his childhood and adolescence in Yangzhou. His feelings about life in the ancient city are subtle and complicated. Perhaps life is too monotonous, so he later said that only a "thin shadow" was left in his childhood memory, and "it was like being washed away by a flood, and it was shocking to be lonely!" However, in the long and tortuous journey of life, childhood is the first "post station" after all.

Yangzhou is a famous cultural city with beautiful scenery, with lakes and mountains and pleasant scenery. Many poets, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Su Dongpo and Ouyang Xiu, once lingered here, seeking seclusion and success, and wrote many magnificent poems. Yangzhou is also a heroic historical city. In the history of resisting foreign aggression, it has written countless brilliant chapters and left many touching stories. The beautiful scenery of the ancient city and the rich atmosphere of advocating culture have invisibly cultivated the temperament of young Zhu Ziqing, and cultivated his peaceful and upright character and interest in natural beauty. The beautiful landscape of Yangzhou, like rain and dew, moistens his heart, nourishes his feelings and enriches his imagination, making his feelings full of poetry and painting forever. Yangzhou, a famous historical and cultural city, has a profound and subtle influence on him.

19 16 After graduating from high school, Zhu Ziqing was admitted to Peking University Preparatory College. 19 19 "Sleep, Little Man" written in February is his first poem. He was a participant in the May 4th patriotic movement and embarked on the literary road under the influence of the May 4th wave. Mao Zedong once praised Zhu Ziqing's backbone, saying that he was "seriously ill and would rather starve to death than accept American' relief food'".

After graduating from philosophy department of Peking University from 65438 to 0920, he taught in middle schools in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and took an active part in the New Literature Movement. Poetry Magazine was founded by Yu Pingbo and others in 1922, which was the earliest poetry publication in the birth period of new poetry. He is a member of the early literature research society. The long poem "Sinking" was published in 1923. At this time, he also wrote beautiful essays such as "Qinhuai River in the Shadow of Paddle Lights".

/kloc-0 taught in Tsinghua University in August, 925, and began to study China's classical literature. The creation is mainly prose. Written on 1927, The Back and Moonlight on the Lotus Pond are well-known masterpieces. 193 1 year, he studied in Britain and roamed Europe. After returning home, he wrote some miscellaneous notes about Europe. 1September, 932, director of the Chinese Department of Tsinghua University. 1937 War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, moved to Kunming with the school, and served as a professor at National Southwest Associated University, teaching courses such as Song poetry and literary studies. During this period, I wrote the semantic shadow of prose. 1946 returned to Beijing from Kunming as the director of the Chinese Department of Tsinghua University.

Zhu Ziqing suffered from a serious stomach trouble in his later years. His monthly salary is only enough to buy three bags of flour, which is not enough for his family of 65,438+02 people, and he has no money to treat diseases. At that time, the Kuomintang colluded with the United States to launch a civil war, and the United States implemented a policy of helping Japan. One day, Wu Han asked Zhu Ziqing to sign the declaration of "protesting the US policy of aiding Japan and refusing to accept American aid for flour". He resolutely signed it and said, "I would rather die of poverty and disease than accept this insulting charity." This year (1948), that is, 12 August, Zhu Ziqing died of illness in Beijing. Before he died, he said to his wife, "I signed the document rejecting American flour, and our family will never buy American flour rationed by the Kuomintang again." Zhu Ziqing was seriously ill and would rather starve to death than accept "relief food" from the United States, which showed the backbone of the people of China. On the eve of Beijing's liberation, he died of stomach trouble.

work

Zhu Ziqing has 27 kinds of works, * * about1.9000 words, including poetry, prose, literary criticism, academic research and so on. Most of the income is the four volumes of Zhu Ziqing's collected works published by Ming Kai Bookstore in 1953. From 65438 to 0988, Jiangsu Education Publishing House collected, sorted out and published six volumes of The Complete Works of Zhu Ziqing. Although Zhu Ziqing began to write new poems only after the May 4th Movement, the Qinhuai River in the Shadow of Paddle Lights published by 1923 shows his talent in prose creation. From then on, he devoted himself to prose creation and made remarkable achievements. 1928' s collection of essays "Back" made Zhu Ziqing a famous prose writer at that time.

Zhu Ziqing's prose is mainly narrative and lyric prose. The theme of his works can be divided into three series: one is a group of essays with the main content of writing social life and attacking dark reality. His representative works include The Cost of Life-Seventy cents, White People-God's Favorite, and Executing the Government Massacre. Second, a number of essays, represented by The Back, Children and Widowed Women, mainly describe personal and family life, and show the human relationship between father and son, husband and wife and friends, which has a strong human touch. Thirdly, a number of lyrical sketches with natural scenery as their themes, such as Green, Spring, Qinhuai River under the shadow of paddle lights and Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, are his representative works. The latter two essays are the best written by Zhu Ziqing, among which The Back and Moonlight on the Lotus Pond are well-known masterpieces. His prose is concise and meticulous, clear and gloomy, famous for its refined language and beautiful writing style, and full of true feelings.

His landscape prose occupies an important position in the prose creation of modern literature, and his technique of describing landscape in vernacular Chinese is the most attractive. For example, in "Qing", the quality and color of plum rain pool Waterfall are described delicately and profoundly by means of metaphor and contrast, and the brushwork is deliberately demanding, showing superb skills in controlling language and writing.

His superb writing skills are vividly displayed in Moonlight on the Lotus Pond. For example, when describing the beauty of lotus in moonlight, the author compares it to a pearl, a star in the blue sky and a beauty who takes a bath; When describing the faint scent of lotus, the phrase "like a faint song coming from a distant building" is used to compare the scent with the song, and the lightness and lightness of the scent are compared. This synaesthesia technique is accurate and wonderful.

Zhu Ziqing also has another language style of prose, that is, using plain language to express sincere and profound feelings in simple narration. This kind of works can often show the author's integrity, enthusiasm and enterprising spirit, such as "The Price of Life-70 cents" and "White People-God's favorite! They are all masterpieces of this style, and the most influential one is back. This essay washes away his old lead, and through his father's every move, the reader seems to see the author's bleak family and his father's deep love for his son.

Bibliography

Xue Chao (poetry anthology) 1922, Business.

Traces of Yadong Library (Poetry and Prose) 1924.

The last (prose collection) 1928, enlightened.

Essays on Europe (Prose Collection) 1934, Enlightened.

You and me (essays) 1936, business.

London Miscellaneous Notes (Prose Collection) 1943, Enlightened

Teaching Chinese (Essay) 1945, Enlightened.

Wen Guang's Classic Talk (Essay) 1946

Distinguish between poetic expression and intention (poetics) 1947, enlightened.

New Poetry Miscellaneous Words (Poetics) 1947, Writers' Bookstore.

Standards and scales (paper) 1948, Wenguang

China Collection (Essay) 1948, Mingshan Bookstore.

Suit all tastes (essay) 1948, Observatory.

Collected Works of Zhu Ziqing (Volume 1-4) 1953, Enlightened.

Collection of Zhu Ziqing's Classical Literature (Volume I) 198 1 year, an ancient book.

Zhu Ziqing's Preface and Postscript Book Review Collection (Essay) 1983, Sanlian.

Selected Prose of Zhu Ziqing 1986 Baihua

Complete Works of Zhu Ziqing (Volume 1-3) 1988 Jiangsu Education (incomplete)-

Zhu Ziqing's Prose Collection:

1, urgent

2. "Song"

3. "Qinhuai River in the shadow of plasma lamp"

4. Traces of Wenzhou

Step 5 "Back off"

6. Ship civilization

7.moonlight in the lotus pond

8. Women

9、《lt； Postscript of Plum Blossom

10, "White people-God's favorite"

1 1, "Huai Wei embraces Jun Qing"

12 ah, he

13 children

14, "Mourning Wei Jiesan"

15, Travel Miscellanies

16, gone with the wind

17, talking about dreams

Bai Cai 18

19, Other Precautions for Maritime Travel

20. "a letter"

2 1 preface

22. Spring

23. Green

Famous scholars' evaluation of Pei county

Brief introduction of two essays in Yu Dafu's China New Literature Series: Although Zhu Ziqing is a poet, his prose is still full of that kind of poetry. Among the prose writers in the Literature Research Association, except for Ms. Bing Xin, the beauty of the article depends on him.

Mr. Zhu Peixian of Ye Shengtao: When it comes to the perfection of style and the ability to write words, Mr. Zhu should be mentioned first.

Lin Fei's Notes on Modern Sixty Articles: Zhu Ziqing's success is that he is good at expressing his inner feelings about natural scenery delicately through accurate observation.

Zhu Xide rambles on Zhu Ziqing's prose: Zhu Ziqing's prose is very particular about language, even if it is a word or two, it will never relax. However, his emphasis on language is by no means rhetoric.

Anecdote about wearing a rope

Send a letter to help my father.

After the Lugouqiao Incident, Mr. Zhu Ziqing moved to the rear area. He wrote to Li Jianwu, who was teaching in Shanghai at that time, asking him to help his old father who lived in Yangzhou nearby. Li Jianwu naturally won't let his teacher down. Then, why does Mr. Zhu Ziqing have the confidence to trust others so much? It turns out that the two have already established a profound friendship between teachers and students. -1925 After the summer vacation, Mr. Zhu Ziqing came to Tsinghua University as a professor of China Literature Department. Li Jianwu just graduated from the middle school affiliated to Beijing Normal University and was admitted to the Chinese Department of Tsinghua University. In the first class, Mr. Zhu Ziqing asked Li Jianwu by name: "Li Jianwu, this name is so strange. Is it Li Jianwu who often writes articles in newspapers?" Li Jianwu replied: "I dare not hide from the teacher, it's me." It is true that when Li Jianwu and Jane were studying in the middle school attached to Normal University, they organized a fire club to engage in new literary activities. "Then I already know you!" Mr. Zhu said happily. After class, Mr. Zhu Ziqing advised Li Jianwu: "You should learn creative writing. It's not appropriate to learn Chinese, so you'd better switch to a foreign language department. " At that time, the Chinese Department only read ancient books, so Mr. Zhu Ziqing said so. Li Jianwu listened to Mr. Zhu Ziqing and transferred to the Foreign Languages Department the next year. Although teachers and students are not in the same department, Li Jianwu handed over his works to Mr. Zhu first, and always took Mr. Zhu Ziqing as his mentor. Mr. Zhu Ziqing also helped Li Jianwu to finalize the draft carefully every time. Years of interaction have strengthened their sincere teacher-student relationship for a lifetime.

No American flour

Mr. Zhu Ziqing suffered from a serious stomach trouble because of his long and hard life and work. At the beginning of 1948, the people's liberation war entered the final stage, and his condition became worse. However, he did not care about rest, but devoted himself more selflessly to the struggle. At this time, Mr. Zhu Ziqing was seriously ill and had no money for medical treatment, but he did not hesitate to sign his name on the declaration, which read: "In order to show the dignity and integrity of the people of China, we categorically reject all handouts from the United States, whether purchased or given ..." and immediately asked the children to return the flour ration cards. At the beginning of August, Mr. Zhu Ziqing's condition deteriorated and hospital treatment was ineffective. Unfortunately, he died on 12 at the age of 50. Before he died, Mr. Zhu Ziqing urged his family in a weak voice: "One thing to remember: I signed a document rejecting American flour, and our family will no longer buy American flour rationed by the Kuomintang!"

On Zhu Ziqing's Failure to Receive American "Relief Grain"

Han Wu

"Zhu Ziqing was seriously ill and would rather starve to death than receive American" relief food "(Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Volume 4, page 1499). I feel particularly cordial and indignant about this matter. More than ten years have passed, and now when I read these words, the scene at that time is still vivid. The so-called "relief food" is like this: during June 1948, the legal tender of the Kuomintang government has been depreciating, just like under the Yangtze River, it costs tens of thousands of dollars to buy a pack of cigarettes. The salary of professors rises month by month, but the legal tender depreciates faster and prices rise faster. Professors who used to live a better life are as hard to live as the general public. Especially for people with a big family, life is more difficult. The Kuomintang government also knows the resentment of the people, especially the intellectuals in colleges and universities, who can't stand this situation. So he played a trick and made a match.

You can buy "American-aided flour" at a lower price by purchasing a certificate. It was also at this time that the US government actively helped Japan, and Si Tuleideng, the US ambassador to China, called for slander and insult to the people of China. On the one hand, it was cheap, on the other hand, it supported the Japanese and insulted the people of China. Some of us have discussed this and hope to expose the conspiracy of the Kuomintang government, protest the insult of the American government and make a public statement.

The statement goes like this:

In order to oppose the U.S. government's policy of helping, to protest the slander and insult of the U.S. Consul General Card and the U.S. Ambassador to China to the people of China, and to show the dignity and integrity of the people of China, we categorically reject any charity from the United States, whether it is purchased or given away. The following colleagues unanimously agreed to refuse to buy cheap flour from American aid and return the shopping card, hereby declare.

June, 37 17

After the statement was written, I wanted to collect signatures. As usual, I decided that everyone should contact several people. Most of the old professors are my messengers. I took the manuscript to Mr. Zhu Ziqing. At that time, his stomach trouble was very serious, and he could only eat very little. If he ate too much, he would vomit, his face would be thin and his voice would be low. He has many children, and his life is more difficult than anyone else. But as soon as he saw the manuscript, he signed it without hesitation. He has always performed well in writing. This time, he signed his name meticulously with trembling hands. It should also be noted that after he returned to Tsinghua campus from Kunming on 1946, his attitude changed obviously and he was no longer silent. He opposed the civil war and hated the Kuomintang. * * * The producer's views have also begun to change. He once recited poems in the liberated areas at public meetings, and sometimes dressed up and danced yangko with the students, making him sweat. I always look for him in the struggle against some American declarations, telegrams and statements against the Kuomintang. As soon as he saw me, he understood why. "Did you sign it?" Write your name after reading the manuscript. As far as I can remember, nine times out of ten he signed his name. Sometimes they don't sign because the words are a little angry. This time, I also found some other professors who are familiar with or live nearby. Most of them signed their names, but they also hit a nail. There was a professor who had only three children, but his answer was simple: "No! I want to live! " Zhu Ziqing's stomach trouble is hunger, and his family has a large population and needs support. In the late Kunming period, some people calculated that the salary of people like us was only about ten yuan equivalent to the pre-war silver dollar. Zhu Ziqing cares about politics, but he doesn't express his opinions very much. It can be said that he is gentle and has no temper. During the Anti-Japanese War, the news was blocked by the Kuomintang. People in the rear area did not know that the Kuomintang was passive against Japanese imperialism, but actively rubbed against the * * * production party and set off several anti-* * climaxes. He thinks that as long as you resist, you should live a hard life and complain less. Although he sympathized with many political activities in Kunming, he seldom participated. The Kuomintang reactionaries assassinated Wen Yiduo, who was extremely indignant. After returning to Peiping after demobilization, he saw that American imperialism helped the Kuomintang fight the civil war, and his attitude changed. He stood up before American imperialism and its lackeys, the Kuomintang reactionaries, and with a few exceptions, he joined us. There are several things worth mentioning. First, he worked hard to compile the Complete Works of Wen Yiduo. I pointed out in the postscript of the Complete Works:

Mr. Pei Xian is an old friend and colleague for more than ten years. For this book, he spent a year collecting legacy, editing and revising it. The catalogue has been drawn up ... in short, it is impossible to edit this collection without Mr. Pei Xian's efforts.

The act of compiling many complete works at that time was a protest and condemnation of the Kuomintang reactionaries. On the contrary, compared with some people, these people used to be classmates or old classmates of Yidian. They have been friends for twenty or thirty years, but after Yidian's death, they never cared about it or wrote commemorative words. The other is his love for young students. For example, once two students in his department fought, one from the Democratic Youth League and the other from the Kuomintang Youth League. The reason for the fight was of course political, and both of them complained to the teacher. Mr Qing Zi was afraid that his classmate Min Qing would be implicated, and secretly suggested that he make some concessions. After I learned about it, I wrote a letter asking him to consider who is right and who is wrong in politics. Maybe the wording is a little sharp. The next day, he came to my house and explained his intentions very seriously. In the Spring and Autumn Period, he blamed the saints. He said something about progressive students to protect him from the youth league's revenge. At the same time, he agrees that my opinion is correct. Afterwards, I told this situation to Min Qing's classmate, who was also very moved. Although his voice against the Kuomintang spy rule is not loud, it can be seen from one thing I personally contacted. At this time, the Kuomintang reactionaries strengthened their spy control over colleges and universities to save their dying fate. In order to protest, I wrote an academic paper "The School of the Early Ming Dynasty" about the early Ming Dynasty and scolded the Kuomintang reactionaries, and sent it to the school publication "Journal of Tsinghua" for publication. Some editors of the magazine are nationals of party member. Of course, they refused to publish it, thinking that it was not an academic article. I talked with Mr. Zi Qing, who is also an editorial member of the magazine. He wrote to the editor-in-chief and strongly advocated publication, and finally published this article. From this incident, we can see the changes in his thoughts and feelings.

He is too weak because he has been tortured by stomach trouble for a long time, but he also knows that it is almost dawn, the dark clouds are about to pass and the good days are coming. He was satisfied and wrote two poems under the glass plate on the table: "But when you see the sun, although it is brilliant, why are you disappointed at dusk?" It is based on Li Shangyin's poem "to see the sun, for all his glory, Buried by the Coming Night" in the Tang Dynasty. These two poems very aptly expressed his feelings at that time.

On July 23rd, a symposium on "Today's Intellectuals' Tasks" was held in Tsinghua University I-shaped Hall, which was his last political activity. I personally invited him to my home and walked with him from the North Yard to the I-shaped hall. He walked for a while, stopped for a while, and said to me intermittently, "You are right, and the road is right. However, people like me are not used to it. In order to educate us, we must take our time. This will keep up with you. "He also made a speech at the meeting, and the main paragraphs are the same. He said: "There are two ways for intellectuals: one is to help idlers climb up. There are such people in feudal society and capitalist society. One fell. Intellectuals can go up and down, so they are a class, not a class. It is not easy for many intellectuals to give up their vested interests. Now we live a public life.

I can't live. It's not that reason is unwilling to accept it. Reason knows it should be accepted, but habit cannot be changed. "

Qing Zi rationally knew that he should give up his vested interests and live a public life. He took another step, which is a big step. He refused to buy American-aided flour. After signing it, this day's diary recorded it: on June 18, this incident lost 6 million French francs every month, which had a great impact on his family, but I signed it anyway. Since I am anti-American and help Japan, I should start directly from myself. This shows his determination.

More than that, the day before his death, he told his wife, "One thing to remember, I signed a document refusing American aid to flour!" " "Mr. Qing Zi is a typical figure among intellectuals in the old days. He used to be a liberal, and he didn't like to take part in political activities, especially those that were fierce and aggressive. However, he has a sense of justice. With the strengthening of the enslavement and oppression of the people of China by the Kuomintang and American imperialism, and the armed provocation, slaughter and repression of the people of China, he could not bear it after all. He demonstrated his attitude through cultural life, poetry recitation and yangko dancing.

On the other hand, he resolutely refused to take the middle route and the third road. At that time, he was invited to participate in the Kuomintang-run middle road publication "New Road", but he resolutely refused. However, he attended our seminar with illness.

He knows right from wrong, and his love and hate are distinct. In his later years, he finally showed his position. He stood up with his head held high, preferring to starve to death rather than resolutely refuse the enemy's "relief." This kind of morality and integrity is worth learning today. "We China people have backbone. Many people who used to be liberals or democratic individualists stood up in front of American imperialism and its lackeys, the Kuomintang reactionaries. " (Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Volume 4, page 1499) Comrade Mao Zedong praised the backbone of Wen Yiduo and Zhu Ziqing, saying that "Wen Yiduo should be praised and Zhu Ziqing should be praised", which is the responsibility of our late people, especially the comrades-in-arms of Mr. Wen Yiduo and Mr. Zhu Ziqing. This song praising our national heroism remains to be seen. This article can only be regarded as some memories caused by rereading the article Farewell to Si Tuleideng.

Zhu Ziqing's Prose Style

Li Guangtian said in the article "The Most Complete Personality": "The number of lines behind is less than 50, and the number of words is only 1500 words ... Because this short passage was selected into the Chinese textbook for middle school students, in the eyes of middle school students, the word' Zhu Ziqing' has become an inseparable whole with the back." What is said here is the situation before liberation. As for the post-liberation, fewer people chose "The Back", while "Moonlight on the Lotus Pond" has been selected as a teaching material and recited by college and middle school students because of its beautiful writing.

Why is Zhu Ziqing's prose so admired? Mainly because his prose has the character of truth, goodness and beauty. Truth means that the content is true and the feelings are sincere. Goodness means that the thoughts and feelings expressed in the works are progressive, and the author's right and wrong are consistent with the broad masses of the people. Beauty, of course, includes many aspects. What ordinary prose works can't reach is that its language is beautiful and charming, as clear and smooth as a stream, as sweet and chewy as an olive.

How did Zhu Ziqing pursue truth, goodness and beauty in his prose creation?

Judging from the content, Zhu Ziqing wrote all his own personal experiences. Not only the big things are well-founded, but also a detail, and strive to be true and accurate. He can't tolerate anything untrue in his prose. There is such a thing: there is a sentence in his "Moonlight on the Lotus Pond": "At this time, the most lively things are cicadas in the trees and frogs in the water." Later, a reader wrote to tell him that cicadas would not call at night. Zhu Ziqing thought that he did hear cicadas that night, but to be on the safe side, he asked several people and wrote to an entomologist for advice. Therefore, everyone thinks that cicadas don't bark at night, but only occasionally. Zhu Ziqing therefore suspected that he was mistaken, and prepared to delete the sentence of cicada singing when the prose collection "Back" was reprinted. However, later he heard the cicada singing on the moonlit night twice with his own eyes. He didn't believe that he had written it wrong, and most people didn't know the cicada singing on the moonlit night accurately. To this end, he wrote an article explaining that it is not easy to observe things. From this incident, we can see that Zhu Ziqing's attitude towards the authenticity of writing content is so serious.

The sincerity of Zhu Ziqing's prose feelings is well known. His Back and For the Dead Woman are called "the first-class love literature between heaven and earth". In the faint pen and ink, there is a deep feeling, without any affectation, but with touching power. In the preface and other articles of On Realism and Picturesque, On Slogans and Slogans, A Record of Nausea and Bitterness by Zhong Ming, he emphasized that "truth" is natural, "rhetoric is sincere" and "a sincere attitude is indispensable for propaganda and writing". It is this "sincere attitude" that makes him pour out his true feelings between the lines. And this kind of emotion revealed from the deep heart is more likely to cause readers to sing.