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The so-called popular literature refers to popular literature that was considered "unrefined" at the time compared to serious literature such as preaching and preaching. Common popular literature includes songs, ballads, operas, novels, and history telling. Let us speak through the works below and list in detail the top ten desires of ancient literati.

I heard a saying from outsiders, "Since ancient times, there have been many literati. It is because scholars who have no talent have repeatedly encountered obstacles in reality, so they project this helplessness onto Jinxiu articles. I think this sentence is too much." Extreme, but this statement is not completely unreasonable? Especially in the ancient times of autocratic monarchy, the literati group was more or less suppressed to varying degrees because of the natural principles that destroyed human desires.

They are full of resentment against reality and have illusions, but reality cannot be surpassed. They have no choice but to combine the skinny reality with rich imagination to create a literary utopia. This kind of self-balance of the literati mentality is understandable. In the self-balanced creative process of literati, they will consciously or unconsciously project their own potential desires as a substitute compensation for their suppressed desires.

I personally believe that popular literature is the most representative and the carrier that best reflects the subconscious desires of literati. The so-called popular literature refers to popular literature that was considered "unrefined" at the time compared to serious literature such as preaching and preaching. Common popular literature includes songs, ballads, operas, novels, and history telling. Let us speak through the works below and list in detail the top ten desires of ancient literati.

10. Titles on the Golden List, Jinshi and Ranking

The imperial examination system provides the vast number of poor scholars with the prospect of a career in learning literature and martial arts, becoming a member of the imperial family, and becoming famous all over the world in one fell swoop. Knowledge has gradually become the psychology of the times for literati in ancient society. If today's wise saying "Practice is the only criterion for testing truth" is put into practice, the slogan of the era when learning and excellence leads to officialdom should be "Golden list titles are the only criterion for testing talent". Being named on the gold list and jumping over the dragon's gate are not only the realization of the scholars' personal values, but also related to the various political privileges and practical interests behind the fame. In many ancient novels, this latent desire of the author is hinted at.

Zhang Sheng in the Yuan drama "The Romance of the West Chamber" is a good example. A poor scholar, who has high hopes for the prime minister's daughter, naturally has many twists and turns in his love journey. Even though the two parties are married, the down-and-out scholar is still not accepted by the bride's family. It wasn't until Zhang Sheng became the top student in high school that he was truly proud, everyone was happy, and the story had a happy ending. It can be seen that the desire to obtain fame has been deeply rooted in the hearts of scholars. Even in such a work that focuses on love, the author will reveal it inadvertently.

9. Favored by beautiful women, fall in love freely

In the old days, beautiful women were euphemistically called beauties and sweethearts. A graceful lady, a gentleman is fond of quarrels. Since ancient times, literati's beauty complex has never ceased. At this time, if you are lucky enough to be favored by a beautiful woman, it will become a topic of conversation among literati after dinner.

In "Yu Jiao Li", the author uses the mouth of the protagonist Su Youbai to nakedly expose the emotional desire of the literati. If I don't marry a beautiful woman as a wife, my (Su Youbai) life will be in vain. After reading many poems and books, it is useless to become a talented person.

Therefore, in many novels about talented scholars and beauties, there is usually a large space to describe the body of the beauty to consume women? Black hair, crescent eyebrows, pink face, fragrant cheeks, red lips, white teeth, willow waist, etc., and there are Excellent qualities such as natural intelligence and proficiency in female work are used to satisfy the imagination and lust of the literati group represented by the author for the perfect woman; and then there are plots in which beauties admire the talents of talented people and have a keen eye for pearls to highlight the literati's self. A sense of existence; it develops to the plot where both parties fall in love regardless of etiquette and love each other, thus releasing the author's passion suppressed by Neo-Confucianism in reality.

8. A quick son-in-law from the east bed will have a prosperous official career

Under the ancient concept of family status and specific conditions for official advancement, a quick son-in-law from the east bed of the clan A who can become a high-ranking official is undoubtedly a good wind. The portrayal of me going to Qingyun. This is similar to the mentality of many women in modern society who want to marry into a rich family even if they have to squeeze their heads.

Therefore, in "The Biography of Yingying", Zhang Sheng refused to marry Yingying in order to free up the position of the first wife to prepare for the future marriage with the Ding clan; in "The Biography of Huo Xiaoyu", Li Yi did not care about Xiaoyu No matter how they vowed to each other, the person they chose next to each other was still the daughter of the Lu family of the A clan; in "Cherry Tsing Yi", Lu Sheng married a daughter of the Zheng family in his dream, and thus he was awarded the title of Wangwuwei, moved to the supervisor, transferred to the palace, and worshiped as a member of the staff. Wai Lang, who was sentenced to Nan Cao, knew how to make the imperial edict. After a few months, he was really moved to the Ministry of Rites. He then paid homage to Huangmen Shi Lang Ping Zhangshi. After a few months, he stayed in Henan Yin and served as the censor of the Eastern Capital. He knew the autumn with a leaf. These details can also be reflected. Under the general environment at that time, the lower-class literati longed to become a son-in-law who could ride a dragon, and their desire to take the express train to officialdom was so strong!

7. Smiling at the Emperor, the blessing of all people

In utopia-style love stories, the West tends to create a happy ending in which the princess and the prince live happily, while Chinese classical novels about gifted scholars and beauties tend to create two (N) women who are called sisters. Follow the example of Ehuang Nvying, form a strong friendship, marry one husband, and live happily ever after?

According to the statistics of "History of Novels of Talented Scholars and Beauties", there are 37 cases of polygamy in 50 novels of gifted scholars and beauties. The reasons are different. For example, "A Lover", "Dream Again on the Lonely Mountain", "Spring Willow Warbler" and other novels pursue monogamy, and some develop polygamy in the development of the plot; such as "The Joy of the World" and "Lin'er Bao" Others are promoted by others; there are also those actively pursued such as "Hepu Pearl", "Five Beautiful Fate", "Embroidered Screen Fate", etc. However, no matter which high-sounding excuse is used, it all implies the recognition and desire of the taxi class represented by the creator to "polygamy and imitate the emperor".

6. If you get an idiot, your love will last forever

Money is easy to come by, true love is hard to find, but getting an idiot is even harder!

In "The Immortal History of the Iron Flower", Cai Ruolan faced her father's repentance of the marriage and said to her lover Wang Ruzhen: "One thing is settled, and a thousand pieces of gold cannot be changed." My heart is as solid as stone. ?So she disguised herself as a man and escaped from the marriage, passionately guarding the love in her heart.

In "Jin Yunqiao", after Wang Cuiqiao and the scholar Jin Zhong made a private life, they fell in love twice, became good men twice, and attempted suicide twice. After thirteen years of wandering and wandering, they did not change their infatuation and finally became happy. Fulfill your wish?

Du Liniang in the opera "The Peony Pavilion" is a stunning beauty, an official woman, and an infatuated beauty who died for love and lived for love. No matter in a dream, in the underworld, or in the world, she is not married to a willow man. With such an infatuated woman, what more can a husband ask for!

Literati and poets have created these bold and steadfast characters in their works. While praising this kind of unrequited and devoted love, the essence of the woman also reflects that the literati, despite being frustrated in their career, still hope to have a lovely person who will never leave him and love him crazily. From many works, it is not difficult to see that this desire has become one of the motivations for literati's creation.

5. Police evil and eliminate rape, and safeguard justice

In Utopia, in addition to the Superman we are familiar with, there are also heroes who police evil and eliminate rape. Of course, this knight is not Batman or Spider-Man in the Western world, but the knights in ancient Chinese society who draw swords to help when encountering difficulties. Wherever there are people, there is oppression, and where there is oppression, heroes are needed. Just having a group of heroes is not enough. It is best to recommend a capable minister to be the spiritual leader, who vows to carry the halo of the protagonist to fight bullies, punish corrupt officials, appease the people, redress their grievances, and maintain world justice and peace.

So from the perspective of vertical development, we can see that the "Three Heroes and Five Righteousnesses" in the Qing Dynasty developed into the later "Seven Heroes and Five Righteousnesses", and then developed into the sequel "The Legend of Chivalry" , "Little Five Righteousness", "Continuation of Seven Heroes and Five Righteousness", etc.; from the perspective of horizontal development, we can see "Shi Gongan", "Longtu Gongan", "Peng Gongan", etc.; from the perspective of character content, we can You can also see the chivalrous and righteous Bai Yutang, the resourceful Shen Zhongyuan, the sword-wielding Zhan Zhao, the benevolent and righteous Ding Zhaolan, and the selfless Bao Zheng? In short, when the authors are endlessly creating works with this theme, We can easily see four big characters in the cracks of the text: police evil and eliminate rape!

The emergence of this type of public case legend is no accident. To a certain extent, it just reflects the weak taxi class. , has a strong desire to rectify the world and uphold justice. Even if he has practical limitations, he must create a capable person to complete this "same world, same dream" for himself.

4. Establish meritorious service, become a general and become a prime minister

In feudal society, the scholar class was a relatively aggrieved class. In terms of power, it was far inferior to the ruling class. Even the richest people are far inferior to the merchants. To put it bluntly, even if there are countless talented literati, not everyone may be able to be named on the gold list and be reused by the rulers. However, even if they survive in this kind of crack, they are poor and have no short ambitions. They created a large number of patriotic works, both elegant and secular.

The dream-related novels of the Tang Dynasty contain many down-and-out literati’s daydreams of making great achievements, which not only entertained those powerless scholars, but also served to boost morale and spread patriotism. The effect is comparable to chicken soup! For example, in "Ling Ying Zhuan", Zheng Chengfu, who was not recognized for his talent, made great military exploits in the world of spirits and was able to feed 13,000 households in Shuofang. Don't give him a house, horses, treasures, clothes, maids, gardens, mansions, and armor. ?. There is also the impoverished Lu Sheng in "The Story of Pillow", who still dreams of a life of making achievements and becoming famous, becoming a general and serving as prime minister, eating from the cauldron, listening to selected sounds, and making his family prosperous and his family rich. Isn’t this kind of dream just a reflection of their subconscious desires?

3. Transcend the world and become immortal

Among literati, not all people are keen on fame. Yes, there are also quite a number of noble literati who disdain to enter the officialdom and want to stay away from the dusty net. What's more, they may feel that the world is so crowded and there is no room for me? So they began to place their hopes on the Paradise of Paradise, and accordingly created a series of strange novels or dramas. They try to imagine that in that pure land, they can stay away from the world, be carefree, rank among the immortals, and live forever.

For example, in "Journey to the East", Tieguai Li, Han Zhongli, Zhang Guolao, He Xiangu, Lan Caihe, Lu Dongbin, Han Xiangzi, Cao Guojiu and others were good mortals themselves. It is so wonderful to be able to ascend to immortality and get rid of the burdens of the human body! It is not difficult to see that when the literati wrote such works, they themselves also yearned for a life like a god.

2. Blessings will continue and descendants will flourish.

In feudal society, the ancients emphasized having more children and more blessings, so naturally this desire was expressed in words. For example, in "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio", Ning Caichen got a wife and a concubine, and then he added three sons of his glorious ancestors, Zhu Erdan had five grandsons, etc.; for example, in "The Story of a Pillow", Lu Sheng got five sons and ten grandsons in his dream. The rest of the people? These plots all express the long-cherished wish of the literati to have descendants and a glorious family.

1. Get rich unexpectedly and become rich

No matter how much a scholar refuses to give in to five buckets of rice or regards money as dung, he still has to live. Although it is said that living is not to eat, but eating is to live. To eat, you also need to have money to ensure that you have enough food and clothing. This is such a simple yet complex desire! Even so, as a scholar, he cannot nakedly show his desire for money. He can only pretend to reveal his dream of wealth inadvertently through some works.

In Pu Songling's writings, he fictionalized a man named Cheng Ming who became a millionaire because he got a cricket. He had hundreds of hectares of fields, thousands of pavilions and rafters, and thousands of cattle and sheep. When I went out, how could Qiu Ma pass into a noble family? I made up a fictional scholar Cui who accumulated tens of thousands of taels of silver because of a horse in the painting. I also made up a filial son Xi Fangping, who impressed the judge of the underworld with his filial piety, and his family became prosperous. It can be seen that men of letters are not easily exempt from vulgarity and have an inseparable desire for money.

Desire is a double-edged sword, and it is not exactly the devil that those who want to destroy people say. Within a reasonable controllable range, it can play its due glory. Perhaps it is precisely the many reasonable desires of literati that make us fortunate to have access to so many literary heritage and spiritual treasures today! The above is the different excitement that Xuexuela.com brings to you. Friends who want to know more about the exciting content can continue to pay attention to Xuela.com, and we will provide you with the most complete and fresh content! Xuela is wonderful because of you.