About East Dongting Lake Nature Reserve

East Dongting Lake Nature Reserve is located in the south of Jingjiang section in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, with a total area of 654.38+0.9 million hectares. East Dongting Lake Nature Reserve is listed as an internationally important wetland and joined the International Wetland-Ramsar Convention Organization on 1992. 1994 was approved as a national nature reserve by the State Council. The area is rich in animal and plant resources, especially birds and waterfowl, which is one of the main habitats of birds in China. There are recorded plant 1086 species, freshwater fish 1 14 species, and 207 species of birds, with an annual habitat of100000. brief introduction

East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve is located in the east of Dongting Lake, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and in the north of Hunan Province. It is an internationally important wetland with extremely rich biodiversity. The total area is 1.9 million hm? , of which the water area is 65,400 hm? The core area 29,000 hm? . East Dongting Lake is the largest and best-preserved natural seasonal lake in Dongting Lake community at present, with rich habitat types, which provides a very stable and excellent wintering place and an ideal stopping place for birds and other aquatic organisms.

East Dongting Lake is the largest lake in Dongting Lake water system, with an average annual flow of 310.26 billion cubic meters. The perennial lake has a capacity of 65.438+0.78 billion cubic meters, a water depth of 4-22 m and a maximum water level drop of 654.38+0.7. 76m, ph6.8-8.6. Its landform is the wetland landscape of ditches and harbors. The soil is lake marsh soil and river marsh soil. Annual average temperature 17℃, annual average temperature 17.5℃, total precipitation 1200- 1330 mm, and frost-free period of 258-275 days. East Dongting Lake is a large lake-like wide river, which receives water from the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and four major rivers in Hunan, namely, Hunan, Guizhou, Yuan and Li. The lake is surrounded by vast swamps and plains. The wetland type is inland wetland (paragraph 5). Altitude: 30-35 meters.

The sedimentation rate in Dongting Lake area is quite fast, mainly due to poor watershed management. Sedimentation in lake basins is the most serious, especially in West Dongting Lake. In more than ten years, the average sedimentation rate is 76 million cubic meters. At this rate, the lake will disappear in 2 17 years. Due to the establishment of the Three Gorges Dam, it can be extended to 343 years.

2 Physical geography

East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve in Hunan Province, located in the south of Jingjiang section of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, is between 28 59 "and 29 38" north latitude and 65 438+065 438+02 43 "east longitude, and is adjacent to the East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve, a famous historical and cultural city in northern Hunan. It is designated by the China Municipal Government and listed in the International Convention on Wetlands.

This area is located in subtropical humid climate zone, with abundant sunshine and rainfall, with annual average temperature 17C, precipitation 1200 ~ 1300ml and frost-free period of 285 days. The unique ecological environment of East Dongting Lake breeds unique natural resources, with ancient, unique and highly rare species. Dongting Lake, as one of the two remaining natural rivers in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, plays an extremely important role in regulating flood runoff and protecting species genes or biodiversity.

3 history

Dongting Lake, called Yunmengze in ancient times, is the second largest freshwater lake in China. And because of Fan Zhongyan's eternal masterpiece "Yueyang Tower", the reputation of "Dongting is the world's water and Yueyang is the world's building" is famous all over the world.

1982 Hunan Provincial People's Government approved the establishment of East Dongting Lake Nature Reserve.

1994 was approved by the State Council and upgraded to a national nature reserve.

4 biological resources

This area is one of the China 2 1 international important wetland nature reserves listed in the International Convention on Wetlands, which mainly protects the ecological and biological resources of Dongting Lake wetland. The unique ecological environment breeds unique natural resources, and the species has the characteristics of ancient uniqueness and high rarity.

East Dongting Lake is rich in submerged, floating and emergent plants. A total of aquatic plants 13 1 species were recorded, belonging to 40 families and 75 genera. Common submerged plants are Carex, Kuroshio, and floating plants are lotus, Polygonum hydropiper, duckweed and so on. The emergent plants are water candles and reeds. Wetlands are surrounded by paddy fields and other crops.

The lake and its surrounding wetlands maintain a high degree of biodiversity. According to records, there are about 1300 species of plants and many threatened fish, birds and mammals. Lake basin is considered as an important area of freshwater biodiversity in the world, especially its unique fish and habitats, such as the critically endangered Yangtze dolphin or baiji dolphin. More than 200 species of fish have been recorded. Kottelat and Whitten( 1996) emphasized that this lake basin is one of the three remaining freshwater areas with great biodiversity value in China. More than 258 species of migratory birds have been recorded, including at least 16 globally endangered species. 30% of the world's small white geese overwinter in East Dongting Lake, which is one of the rarest wading birds in the world.

According to scientific investigation, a total of 4 species of fish112 were recorded, belonging to 23 families of12, including 2 species of Chinese sturgeon and white sturgeon, 2 species of eel and mullet, and 306 species of national first-class protected birds, belonging to 50 families of 13 orders. There are 68 species of amphibians, gastropods, mollusks, clapboards and other animals designated as protected objects by international agreements, among which Baiji dolphin is a national first-class protected animal. There are 1 15 families, 159 genera and 1 186 species in this area. Among them, there are 3 kinds of national first-class protection and 3 1 species of second-class protection. East Dongting Lake is rich in natural resources, which has aroused widespread concern and attention all over the world and is known as the "Pearl in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River".

East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve is an important wintering ground for waterfowl in China wetland, as well as an important breeding ground and resting place, where millions of geese, ducks and other waterfowl inhabit every year, making it a paradise and paradise for birds. Every year, 255 kinds of migratory birds protected by the state, such as storks, white cranes, black storks and egrets, spend the winter here. Rare birds such as bustard, white-headed crane, swan goose, small white goose and blue-headed diving duck often play here, adding a lot of fun to the calm Dongting Lake.

5 development status

In recent years, due to lake shrinkage, overfishing and serious water pollution, Dongting Lake's ability to regulate floods in rivers and lakes has decreased, and the biodiversity in the lake has decreased. The utilization of animal and plant resources in lakes and wetlands is also worrying. Restore Dongting Lake's regulating function to the flood of rivers and lakes in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River to ensure the safety of flood control along the Yangtze River; Strengthen the protection of biodiversity in the lake area; Promoting the comprehensive management and sustainable development of Dongting Lake area has become an important topic for governments at all levels, relevant departments and scientific circles, and has also become the common concern of relevant international organizations.

Impact of invasive species

There are about 1 1 alien invasive species in Dongting Lake wetland, among which 5 species are listed in the first list of alien invasive species in China. Up to 2002, alien invasive species 1 1 species were found in Dongting Lake wetland, including invasive plants such as water hyacinth, Alternanthera philoxeroides, ragweed, Italian poplar and American poplar. Invasive animals include Procambarus clarkii, termites, sugarcane borer, slash pine mealybug, liriomyza sativae, Hyphantria cunea and so on. Since entering Dongting Lake, Procambarus clarkii has damaged dikes, ditches, canals, ridges and soil in Dongting Lake, resulting in bank landslides, blocked ditches, decreased soil fertility, and damaged crops because it preys on aquatic crops. The introduction of water hyacinth and Populus euramericana also had a great impact on the ecology of Dongting Lake. The wild water hyacinth in the lake water network makes the water body eutrophic, and at the same time, because it covers the water surface in a large area, it also affects the survival of aquatic animals and plants, blocks the waterway and affects water transportation. In recent years, Italian poplars and American poplars have been introduced into the lake area in large quantities. These two water-resistant fast-growing poplar varieties simplify the vegetation community structure in many areas of Dongting Lake. If it is not controlled, it will easily lead to the evolution of Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem to forest ecosystem and destroy the natural succession of the lake.

6 protect the status quo

1. Land ownership: Land and water are owned by the state.

(1) protected area: the land and water jurisdiction area is 67,500 hectares; ; The jurisdiction of other 124600ha belongs to the protected area and other units.

(2) Surrounding areas: towns, farmland and woodland.

2. Protective measures taken:

(1) The local municipal government issued a notice on the management of protected areas1988;

(2) since1984, hunting is prohibited in the reserve;

③ There are strict fishing seasons, fishing method and fishing times every year;

④ Bird-loving Week is held in the first week of April every year, and every year 10 is designated as "Crane Protection Month";

⑤ The management organization of protected areas and local relevant units form a joint management committee for natural environment and natural resources protection.

3. Land use: main human activities:

(1) Protected areas: nature conservation activities; Scientific research; Tourism activities; Fishery production activities (seasonal); Flood control, etc.

(2) Peripheral or regional scope: the life of urban residents; Agricultural production; Poultry feeding, etc.

4. Disturbances and threats, including land use change and major development projects:

(1) In reserve: None.

(2) Surrounding or regional scope: industrial pollution in some surrounding areas; The pressure of population growth; Agricultural development projects and scenic spot construction.

5. Hydrological and natural value: As natural reservoirs, lakes and wetlands play a huge role and play a key role in controlling the water level in the Yangtze River basin and around Dongting Lake during the summer flood. The lake is also an important fishery production base in Hunan Province.

6. Social and cultural value: This area is surrounded by important agricultural production areas in Hunan Province, and crops such as rice are the main economic income of agriculture. Yueyang City is adjacent to the lake and has many historical and cultural sites with important cultural value.

7. Famous animal population: This area is an important wintering place for waterfowl migration. The main waterfowl populations are geese, white-headed cranes, gray cranes, black storks and 1 1 breeding ducks. Mammals baiji and finless porpoise often appear on the lake in East Dongting Lake, where there are 20 kinds of fish with economic value, such as Chinese sturgeon and paddlefish.

8. Famous plant communities: Wetland vegetation consists of plant communities mainly composed of Salicaceae, Butterfly Family, Gramineae, Compositae, Cyperaceae, Potamogeton, and Water Lily.

9. Current scientific research activities: The number of geese and ducks is being investigated.

10. Current protection publicity: The activities of "Bird Love Week" and "Crane Protection Month" are held every year to publicize the importance of protecting waterfowl and wetlands through radio, television, pictures and large billboards.

1 1. Current entertainment and tourism activities: Many tourists visit Junshan Scenic Area in the reserve in summer. In addition, international dragon boat races are held every year; 165438+ 10 is the winter bird-watching season.

12. Management unit: Dongdonghu Nature Reserve Management Office.

13. Jurisdiction superior: Hunan Provincial Forestry Department.

7 management status

The East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve Administration comprehensively promoted the comprehensive management and management upgrading of Dongting Lake, formulated a scientific protection and development plan for Dongting Lake wetland, and improved the coordination mechanism for protection and management. Highlight two key points. Highlight two key points: infrastructure construction and brand building. According to the high standards required by the project, organize forces to complete key tasks such as wetland restoration project and institutional infrastructure construction; Hold the Dongting Lake International Bird Watching Culture Festival, strive to build the ecological brand of China Bird Watching Capital, and gradually develop the ecological industry.

Optimize the financial system and other management systems of various organs, optimize the formulation of standardized management systems for patrol monitoring and scientific research projects, further optimize the implementation of various basic management measures in closed management areas, and gradually extend them to other management areas. By implementing the suggestions put forward by the CPPCC National Committee and the government's comprehensive management leading group, we will comprehensively promote the protection and management of East Dongting Lake, introduce regulations on scientific research monitoring, guide the standardization of scientific research and the construction of patrol system, further enhance the social influence of the protected area by holding the Dongting Lake International Bird Watching Festival, and expand the source of protection funds by establishing the Dongting Lake ecological protection special fund and market-oriented operation. On the basis of 2007, we will further promote the construction of eight major projects with publicity and education, community management, infrastructure construction, project introduction, foreign exchange, scientific research monitoring, eco-tourism and team building as the core work, and comprehensively improve the management level of protected areas. In East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve, the main threat to biodiversity is related to overfishing. Overfishing has exhausted commercial fish resources and threatened rare fish populations and baiji dolphins in the Yangtze River. Fishing disturbed the number of wintering birds. There are also conflicts in the use of land and resources. Illegal hunting and poaching, especially poisoning wild birds in winter, also occur from time to time.

Threats to Dongting Lake include:

1), the development of upstream agriculture leads to high sedimentation rate.

2) Industrial pollution related to papermaking and textile industry. About 10 large factories in the basin have sewage treatment equipment, but small factories do not.

3) The land use planning is not coordinated.

4) Wet meadows, swamps, beaches and shallow waters, which are very important for waterfowl to overwinter, have been replaced due to the large-scale spread of silted reeds in the whole basin.

A series of large-scale projects to solve the problems in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River mainly include:

1), a project of the State Environmental Protection Administration, to solve the problem of low environmental protection standards for pollutants discharged into major rivers and factories.

2) The flood control and disaster reduction project funded by the Dutch government (MILIEV, 1996-20 10) aims at cleaning irrigation ditches, removing siltation, increasing the capacity of the lake basin, and re-reinforcing the river bank to resist the once-in-20-year flood.

3) Protection Project (Phase II: 1998-20 10), similar to Milijev Project, large-scale dredging works are carried out in West Dongting Lake and irrigation ditches. 4) The project "Comprehensive Utilization of Natural Resources in Dongting Lake" of China government focuses on the agricultural development of the lake basin, and has made provisions for improving environmental protection and controlling small-scale industrial pollution.

5) Sino-German cooperative afforestation project, 1998-2002.

6) The Yangtze River Afforestation Project (1990-20 10), which is co-operated by the government of China and the World Bank, lasts for 10 years, aiming at reducing soil erosion in the four major river basins flowing into Dongting Lake. The purpose of this project is to reduce the sediment deposition of 34 million cubic meters per year by 50%.

7) World Bank Forestry Protection and Development Project (1994-2000)

8) World Bank Afforestation and Poverty Alleviation Project (1998-2004)

9) Afforestation Project of Hunan Provincial Forestry Department (1990-2000)

Measures to solve the threat of East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve. Mainly includes:

1), strengthening the management of protected areas, providing infrastructure, and improving personnel capacity 2), developing eco-tourism in East Dongting Lake and other protected areas Although these activities have been carried out, Dongting Lake's efforts to protect wetlands and their biodiversity are not enough to protect its globally important biodiversity, because it still has obstacles that all other points have.

8 Comprehensive Management In order to find an effective way to solve the contradiction between wetland protection, management and development, with the support of the Global Environment Fund and the World Wide Fund for Nature, the East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve has made every effort to build a mainstream platform for wetland protection and management in recent five years, and gradually formed a management system with four platforms and four models as the main line.

Platform of the 5th Dongting Lake International Bird Watching Festival (Competition). The nature reserve will take the Dongting Lake International Bird Watching Competition (Festival) as a platform and be exported in multiple ways. A total of nearly 3000 contestants were received, and 1 15 teams from different countries and regions participated in the competition, with more than 500 participants. More than 1000 people from the United States, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Spain, Denmark, Britain, Austria and other countries, overseas students, experts, and representatives of birdwatching organizations and NGOs from all over China. A series of themed activities such as "Bird Watching in Dongting in Winter", "City Bird Selection", "Provincial Bird Selection", "Dongting Lake Wetland Protection Ambassador", "Bird Watching Capital of China" and "Dongting Lake Declaration" have been carried out, which has raised the awareness of all sectors of society on the important value and significance of wetlands, birds and ecological protection.

With the preparation of the special fund for ecological protection of Dongting Lake in china green foundation as the carrier, combined with the holding and publicity influence of the Dongting Lake Bird Watching Festival, we sought the sponsorship and support of more than 40 domestic and foreign enterprises, and accumulated social financing reached more than 2 million yuan. It explores a new way for the market-oriented operation of the bird-watching competition (festival) and the raising of protection funds in the future, and provides a broad financing platform for enterprises to pay attention to, participate in and invest in the construction of protected areas and the ecological protection of Dongting Lake wetland.

A scientific research monitoring platform based on the cooperation of Dongting Lake long-term positioning station. The reserve has successively established Dongting Lake research base with Northeast Forestry University, Hunan Normal University, China Academy of Sciences Subtropical Agricultural Research Institute and other research institutions, attracting a wide range of scientific research projects and experts to cooperate in research. It not only makes up for the lack of basic research on Dongting Lake ecosystem, but also provides scientific and technological support for the coordinated development of social economy.

Taking the establishment of Dongting Lake Comprehensive Management Office as the carrier, we will gradually build a multi-sectoral cooperation platform. At the municipal government level, a multi-sectoral comprehensive management coordination agency was established, led by the main leaders of the government, with more than ten departments including protected areas, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, fishery and animal husbandry, development and reform commission and environmental protection as member units. According to the principle of "friendly consultation and overall consideration", we should treat Dongting Lake from the height of building ecological civilization, fully implement the Scientific Outlook on Development in Dongting Lake basin, improve the comprehensive and objective scientific understanding of Dongting Lake wetland protection and sustainable utilization, and implement overall scientific planning and exploration.

In order to alleviate the contradiction between resource protection and community development, explore the win-win management mode of large-scale lakes and wetlands, and adjust the production and management mode of direct utilization, pursuit of short-term benefits and destruction of habitats. Combined with the outstanding needs of wetland biodiversity and ecosystem protection and management, such as species protection, habitat restoration, eco-tourism, eco-agriculture, fishery, ecological compensation, closed management and infrastructure construction, four typical communities were selected to carry out the nature reserve. "

Modern agricultural community construction. Community management of "ecological agriculture and organic fishery" should be implemented in communities with agricultural production as the mainstay. Cooperate with the local government to control the lakes and wetlands in the experimental area and its surrounding areas, give consideration to waterfowl protection and landscape restoration, and promote the transformation of farming methods to organic fisheries and ecological agricultural production methods in the process of agricultural structure adjustment. Properly encourage market capital and farmers to carry out the construction of ecological farms, extend the industrial chain, and launch ecological agricultural products brands mainly based on wetland products; Adjust some land planning, delimit some areas in the reserve to grow rice and winter wheat, and provide supplementary food sources for wintering birds.

Eco-tourism community construction. Cooperate with wetland parks and scenic spots around nature reserves, carry out community construction combining "eco-tourism and environmental education", * * * manage the production and business activities of scenic spots and their surrounding waters, * * * promote the complementarity of eco-tourism products between islands and lakes, establish environmental education bases, promote the community to actively participate in ecological protection with the investment and development of eco-tourism industry, reduce the mode of direct utilization and development of resources, effectively curb wetland fishing and expand poplars.

Closed management community construction. Cooperate with local governments and departments mainly in the core area of protected areas, implement various measures of closed management, and explore and try the mode of closed management, seasonal zoning and phased management in the core area of large lakes. Properly resettle fishermen, seek multi-channel funds to solve the survival and production problems of fishermen, and ensure the stability and safety of the absolute reserve.

Open management community construction. Cooperate with relevant local government departments (fishery administration, reed industry company, town government, etc.). ), explored the management mode of dynamic open community in the middle of the lake. Establish a monitoring system, a coordination mechanism and a joint law enforcement system to restore effective management of the region. Because these areas are the core areas of nature reserves, with single mode of production, rich species, less human interference and great difficulty in management and monitoring, it is necessary to encourage fishermen and reed producers engaged in production to participate in protection and management.

Since 1992 became an internationally important wetland, three conferences of great significance and international influence in the history of wetland protection in China have been held in Dongting Lake, 1994, the landmark China Wetland Protection Action Plan formulated by China for 2 1 century, 1998, Northeast Asia and North Pacific Environmental Forum on Strengthening International and Regional Cooperation At the same time, learn from the mainstream experience of wetland management in the international community, take advantage of the opportunity that the state attaches importance to ecological construction, extensively expand investment channels, strengthen legal protection, and provide good development opportunities for policy support. Hunan Province and Yueyang City have successively issued a number of local regulations and documents, such as Regulations on Wetland Protection in Hunan Province, Decision on Closed Management of the Core Areas of West Lakes, and Notice on Strengthening Wetland Management in Dongting Lake. Provincial and municipal comprehensive management coordination committees have been established, and a multi-sectoral coordination management mechanism has been established. At the same time, the departments and responsibilities of comprehensive law enforcement have been defined, a number of ecological restoration and protection projects have been initiated, eco-industrial development models such as eco-agriculture, eco-fishery and eco-tourism have been launched in a timely manner, a series of water environment remediation actions have been carried out, and 234 polluting enterprises have been shut down.

Therefore, Dongting Lake wetland protection and management has achieved four leaps, from single species protection to ecosystem protection, from single emphasis on protection to balanced development, from single regional management to watershed level, from single department management to multi-sectoral and cross-regional cooperation comprehensive management mechanism. The protection and sustainable utilization of biodiversity in Dongting Lake wetland has been widely concerned and participated by the government, departments at all levels and all walks of life, and has really become the mainstream action of management in social and economic life.