Xijing college SMS verification code

The most classic is Galileo, whose case is the most widely known and influential.

Rolling (78 ~ 139)

Scientists, astronomers and philosophers in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word Ping Zi. He was born in Xi 'e, Nanyang, Henan (now Shiqiao, nanzhao county, Henan). Go less to Xijing Chang 'an, less to Tokyo Luoyang, "learn the Five Classics" and "master the Six Arts". In the fifth year of Yongchun (1 1 1), a doctor was recruited. From the second year of Yuan Dynasty (1 15) to the beginning of Yongjian, there were two Taishi orders. Proficient in astronomy and calendar calculation, on the basis of previous studies, he invented the world's earliest hydraulic rotary armillary sphere and seismograph for measuring earthquakes.

In astronomical theory, Zhang Heng is the main representative of Huntian School. As for the origin of heaven and earth, he thinks that before heaven and earth were divided, it was chaos. After the division, the light ones ascend to heaven, while the heavy ones condense into earth, and the yin and yang sway to produce everything. He also correctly explained the cause of the eclipse for the first time, thinking that moonlight is the reflection of the sun's light, and the eclipse is caused by the moon entering the shadow of the earth. He affirmed the materiality and infinity of the universe according to his astronomical knowledge at that time.

Zhang Heng pushed China's ancient natural science and philosophy to a new height, and his works were included in The Whole History of Ancient Three Dynasties, Three Kingdoms, Six Dynasties, Qin and Han Dynasties edited by Qing Yan Ke Jun.

"Galileo"

Galileo was a great Italian scientist in the17th century. At that time, people who studied science believed Aristotle and regarded the words of the Greek philosopher more than 2,000 years ago as unchangeable truth. Aristotle once said, "Two iron balls, one weighing 10 pounds and the other weighing 10 pounds, fall from a height at the same time. Those who weigh 10 pounds must land first, and the speed is 10 pounds 10 times. " This sentence made Galileo doubt. He thought: if this sentence is correct, then tying these two iron balls together will slow down the falling speed, which will be slower than the iron ball of 10 pound; However, if these two iron balls are regarded as a whole, their weight is 1 1 pound, and their falling speed should be faster than that of1pound iron balls. In this way, two opposite conclusions can be drawn from one fact. How do you explain this? Galileo repeated many experiments with this question, and the results proved that Aristotle's statement was indeed wrong. Two iron balls with different weights fall from a height at the same time and always land at the same time. The speed at which the iron ball falls has nothing to do with its weight. He will do a public experiment on the leaning tower of Pisa. The news spread quickly.

On that day, many people gathered around the leaning tower to see who was the winner on this issue. Galileo appeared at the top of the leaning tower. He holds a 1 lb iron ball in his right hand and a1lb iron ball in his left hand. Two iron balls were released at the same time and fell from the air. After a while, people around the leaning tower couldn't help shouting in surprise, because two iron balls landed at the same time, just as Galileo said. Only then did everyone realize that Aristotle's words were not all right.

Madame Curie

Marie Curie (1867- 1934), a French and Polish scientist, studied radioactive phenomena and found two radioactive elements, radium and polonium, and won the Nobel Prize twice in her life. As an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model has inspired many people.

Many people heard her story when they were young, but they got a simplified and incomplete impression. The world's understanding of Madame Curie. It was greatly influenced by the biography Madame Curie published by her second daughter 1937. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and deals with all the twists and turns she encountered in her life.

American biographer susan quinn spent seven years collecting unpublished diaries and biographical materials, including Madame Curie's family members and friends. Last year, a new book, Maria Curie: A Life, was published, which described her hard, bitter and struggling life in more detail.

Madame Curie: a great scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice.

Marie Curie is an immortal name in the history of world science. This great female scientist, with her diligence and talent, has made outstanding contributions in the fields of physics and chemistry, so she became the only famous scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice in two different disciplines.

Light of radium

1896, French physicist becquerel published a work report, which introduced in detail the uranium element he discovered through many experiments. Uranium and its compounds have a special ability to automatically and continuously emit a kind of invisible ray. This kind of ray is different from ordinary light, it can make photographic film sensitive through black paper, and it is also different from X-ray discovered by Roentgen. Without high vacuum gas discharge and high voltage, uranium and its compounds constantly emit rays and radiate energy outward. This aroused the great interest of Madame Curie. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray? Madame Curie was determined to uncover its secret. From 65438 to 0897, Madame Curie chose her own research topic-the study of radioactive substances. This research project has brought her into a new scientific world. She worked hard to open up a virgin land, and finally completed the discovery of radioactive element radium, one of the most important discoveries in the history of modern science, which laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry and made great contributions to mankind.

In the experimental research, Madame Curie designed a measuring instrument, which can not only measure whether a substance has radiation, but also measure the intensity of radiation. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is directly proportional to the uranium content in the material, but has nothing to do with the existing state of uranium and external conditions.

Madame Curie made a comprehensive investigation of known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: an element called thorium can automatically emit invisible rays, which shows that the phenomenon that elements can emit rays is not only the characteristics of uranium, but also the common characteristics of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and called elements with this property radioactive elements. The radiation they emit is called "radiation". According to the experimental results, she also predicted that minerals containing uranium and thorium must be radioactive; Minerals that do not contain uranium and thorium must not be radioactive. The instrument inspection completely verified her prediction. She excluded those minerals that did not contain radioactive elements, concentrated on those that were radioactive, and accurately measured the radioactive intensity of elements. In the experiment, she found that the radioactive intensity of a pitchblende is much higher than expected, which shows that the mineral in the experiment contains a new unknown radioactive element, and the content of this element must be very small, because this mineral has already been accurately analyzed by many chemists. She resolutely published her findings in the experimental report and tried to prove it through experiments. At this critical moment, her husband, pierre curie, also realized the importance of his wife's discovery, and stopped studying crystals to study this new element with her. After several months' efforts, they separated a substance mixed with bismuth from the ore, which was far more radioactive than uranium, and was later listed as polonium No.84 in the periodic table of elements.

A few months later, they discovered another new element and named it radium. However, the Curies did not immediately get the joy of success. When they got a little compound of new elements, they found that the initial estimate was too optimistic. In fact, the content of radium in ore is less than one millionth. Because this mixture is extremely radioactive, substances containing trace radium salts are hundreds of times more radioactive than uranium.

The road to science has never been smooth. For centuries, the discovery of polonium and radium and the characteristics of these new radioactive elements have shaken some basic theories and concepts. Scientists have always believed that atoms of various elements are the smallest unit of matter, and atoms are inseparable and unchangeable. According to the traditional view, the radiation emitted by radioactive elements such as polonium and radium cannot be explained. Therefore, both physicists and chemists are interested in Madame Curie's research work, but they all have doubts in their hearts. Chemists in particular are more rigorous. In order to finally confirm this scientific discovery and further study the properties of radium, the Curies must separate more and purer radium salts from asphalt ore.

All the unknown worlds are mysterious. At the beginning of the study of separating new elements, they didn't know any chemical properties of the new elements. The only clue to find a new element is that it is highly radioactive. Based on this, they created a new chemical analysis method. But they have no money, no real laboratory, only some simple instruments they bought or designed themselves. In order to work efficiently, they conducted research separately. The characteristics of radium are determined by Mr. Curie's experiments; Madame Curie continued to refine pure radium salt.

Where there is a will, there is a way! Any mystery of nature will be revealed by those who stubbornly solve it. At the end of 1902, Madame Curie extracted one tenth of extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then, the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a natural radioactive substance, which is extremely difficult to obtain. Its shape is white crystal shining like fine salt. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral line of any known element. Radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by human beings, but it is the most radioactive element. Using its powerful radioactivity, we can further discover many new properties of radiation. Therefore, many elements can be further applied to practice. Medical research has found that laser rays have different effects on different cells and tissues, and those rapidly multiplying cells are quickly destroyed once they are irradiated by radium. This discovery makes radium a powerful means to treat cancer. Cancer is made up of cells that reproduce very quickly, and the damage caused by laser rays is far greater than that caused by surrounding healthy tissues. This new treatment method was quickly developed all over the world. In France, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium has fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, which is of great significance for promoting the development of scientific theory and its application in practice.

Third, a heart of gold.

Due to their amazing discovery, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in February 1903. Their scientific achievements are unparalleled, but they are extremely contemptuous of fame and fortune and most tired of those boring social parties. They devoted everything they had to the cause of science, without any selfish interests. After the successful extraction of radium, they were suggested to apply for a patent right from the government to monopolize the manufacture of radium in order to make a fortune. Madame Curie said, "That is against the scientific spirit. Scientists' research results should be published publicly, and others should develop them without any restrictions. "Besides, radium is good for patients, so we should not use it for profit. The Curies also donated their Nobel Prizes to others.

1906, Mr. Curie died in a car accident, and Madame Curie suffered great pain. She is determined to redouble her efforts to realize their common scientific ambition. The University of Paris decided that Madame Curie would take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics. Madame Curie became the first female professor in the history of the famous Paris University. When the couple separated the first batch of radium salts, they began to study the various properties of radiation. From 1889 to 1904, they published 32 academic reports and recorded their exploration footprints in the field of radiation science. 19 10, Madame Curie finished the book Radioactivity Monograph. She also cooperated with others to successfully prepare metal radium. 19 1 1 Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. A female scientist, in less than 10 years, won the highest prize in world science twice in two different scientific fields, which is unique in the history of world science!

19 14, the institute of radium science was established in Paris, and Madame Curie served as the research director of the institute. After that, she continued to teach at the university and engaged in the research of radioactive elements. She spread scientific knowledge to all who want to learn without stint. She has been studying and working for 50 years since 16. But she still doesn't change that strict lifestyle. She has a high spirit of self-sacrifice since she was a child. In her early years, in order to provide for her sister's schooling, she was willing to work as a servant in someone else's house. During her study in Paris, she studied in the library every night in order to save fuel and heating costs, until the library closed. The pitchblende needed to extract pure radium was very valuable at that time. They saved money bit by bit from their living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons successively. After Mr. Curie's death, Madame Curie donated radium, which was painstakingly extracted and valued at more than 654.38+100,000 gold francs, to the laboratory for cancer research and treatment.

1932, 65-year-old Madame Curie returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of Warsaw Radium Institute. Madame Curie has been away from the motherland since her youth and went to study in France. But she never forgot her motherland. When she was a child, her motherland Poland was occupied by Russia, and she hated the invaders. When the couple separated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the roots of polonium are the same as those of Poland. She expressed her deep nostalgia for the motherland enslaved by Russia.

On July 1937, Madame Curie died of illness. She eventually died of pernicious anemia. She created and developed radiation science all her life, studied strongly radioactive materials fearlessly for a long time, and finally contributed her life to this science. During her lifetime, she won 10 famous awards including the Nobel Prize, and 16 medals awarded by international advanced academic institutions. Governments and scientific research institutions around the world have awarded more than 100 titles. But she is as modest and prudent as ever. Einstein, a great scientist, commented: "Of all the celebrities I know, Madame Curie is the only one who has not been overwhelmed by fame."

Albert Einstein (1March 87914-1April 95 18), a world-famous German-American scientist, was the pioneer and founder of modern physics.

[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

Einstein/Kloc-graduated from Zurich University of Technology in 0/900, and began to teach in this university in 0/909. 19 14 was the director of the Royal William Institute of Physics and a professor at the University of Berlin. Later, he moved to the United States because of the outbreak of World War II, and 1940 became an American citizen.

/kloc-the late 0/9th century is a period of change in physics. Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics from the experimental facts and made a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His quantum theory has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. The first mature aspect of theoretical astrophysics-stellar atmosphere theory is based on quantum theory and radiation theory. Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the relationship between energy and mass and solved the long-standing problem of stellar energy. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become the basic theoretical tool to explain this phenomenon. His general theory of relativity also solved a mystery in astronomy for many years, and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified, which became the theoretical basis of many astronomical concepts later.

Einstein's greatest contribution to astronomy is his cosmology. He founded relativistic cosmology, established a static finite and infinite self-consistent dynamic universe model, and introduced new concepts such as cosmology principle and curved space, which greatly promoted the development of modern astronomy.

Jingrun Chen

From 1953 to 1954, I taught in Beijing No.4 Middle School. Because of slurred speech, I was refused to give a lecture on the platform and had to correct my homework. Later, he was "suspended from his hometown to recuperate" and transferred back to Xiamen University as a librarian. At the same time, he studied the close relationship between number theory and combinatorial mathematics and modern economic management, scientific experiments, cutting-edge technology and human life.

1956 transferred to Institute of Mathematics, China Academy of Sciences.

1980 was elected as a member of the Department of Physics and Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences (now an academician).

His achievements in studying Goldbach conjecture and other number theory problems are still far ahead in the world, and he is called the first person of Goldbach conjecture.

Andre Weil, a world-class mathematician and American scholar, once praised him: "Every job in Chen Jingrun seems to be walking on the top of the Himalayas."

He has been a researcher at the Institute of Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences, a member of the academic committee of the Institute, and a professor at Guiyang University for Nationalities, Henan University, Qingdao University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Fujian Normal University.

Member of Mathematics Discipline Group of State Science and Technology Commission, editor-in-chief of Mathematics Quarterly.

He has published more than 70 research papers and written books such as Interesting Talks on Mathematics and Combinatorial Mathematics.

This is a miracle that shocked the whole world: a mathematician who lives in a 6-square-meter hut borrowed a dim kerosene lamp, leaned against the bed board and consumed several sacks of draft paper with a pen, thus overcoming "1+2" in the world-famous mathematical puzzle "Goldbach conjecture" and creating a distance of "1+60".

Chen Jingrun, a famous mathematician in China, created this miracle.

Chen Jingrun 1933 was born in Fuzhou, Fujian on May 22nd. He was a thin and introverted child since childhood, but he fell in love with mathematics. Computational math problems occupy most of his time, and boring algebraic equations make him full of happiness. From 65438 to 0953, Chen Jingrun graduated from the Mathematics Department of Xiamen University. Because of his excellent research on a series of problems in number theory, Hua was attached importance and transferred to the Institute of Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences.

In the 1950s, Chen Jingrun made important improvements on the existing results of Gauss circle inner lattice point problem, spherical inner lattice point problem, Tali problem and Waring problem. After 1960s, he made extensive and in-depth research on screening methods and related important issues.

Goldbach conjectures that this world-class mathematical problem that has been unresolved for more than 200 years has attracted the attention of thousands of mathematicians all over the world, but few people can really challenge this problem. In high school, Chen Jingrun listened to his teacher's philosophical remarks: the queen of natural science is mathematics, the crown of mathematics is number theory, and Goldbach conjecture is the jewel in the crown. This crucial enlightenment became his unswerving goal all his life.

In order to prove Goldbach's conjecture and win the world-famous pearl of mathematics, Chen Jingrun trudged in the field of mathematics with amazing perseverance. Hard sweat has brought fruitful results. 1973, Chen Jingrun finally found a simple method to prove Goldbach's conjecture. After his achievement was published, it immediately caused a sensation in the world. Among them, "1+2" was named "Chen Theorem", also known as the "glorious vertex" of the screening method. Hua and other mathematicians of the older generation spoke highly of Chen Jingrun's paper. Mathematicians from all over the world have also published articles praising Chen Jingrun's research achievement as "the best achievement in studying Goldbach's conjecture in the world at present".

Chen Jingrun's research on Goldbach's conjecture is still far ahead in the world. A world-class master of mathematics and an American scholar once praised him like this: "Every job in Chen Jingrun seems to be walking on the top of the Himalayas." 1978 and 1982, Chen Jingrun was twice invited by the international congress of mathematicians to give a 45-minute lecture.

In addition, Chen Jingrun also conducted in-depth research and discussion on the relationship between combinatorial mathematics and modern economic management, cutting-edge science and technology and human beings. He has published more than 70 scientific papers in newspapers and periodicals at home and abroad, including "Interesting Talks on Mathematics" and "Combinatorial Mathematics". He has won the first prize of National Natural Science, Heli Fund Award, China Mathematics Award and many other awards.

Chen Jingrun enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad, but he is not complacent. He said: "I just climbed a hill on the road of science. I haven't reached the real peak yet, so I will continue to work hard. "

1March 1996 19 years, after suffering from Parkinson's syndrome 10 years, Chen Jingrun died of respiratory and circulatory failure at the age of 63.