Development history of spacecraft

1On June 5, 1958, korolev, academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and chief designer of rocket spacecraft, proposed that 19 1 ~ 1965 develop a manned spacecraft with 2-3 people and 1962 build a space station.

1958101On October 7th, NASA officially approved the Mercury manned spacecraft project. This is the first major decision made by NASA1October 1958+ 1.

1September 9, 959, the United States successfully launched a model mercury spacecraft with Cosmos D carrier rocket for the first time for suborbital flight. Since then, until April 25, 196 1, the United States * * * conducted seven unmanned spacecraft tests, of which three failed and four succeeded, laying a solid foundation for the successful implementation of manned space flight in the United States.

1In June, 960, the Soviet Union successfully launched two unmanned satellite spacecraft for suborbital flight. Since then, until March 25, 196 1 year, the Soviet Union * * * conducted seven unmanned spacecraft tests, of which four failed, three succeeded and the last two succeeded in succession. The decision-making organs of the Soviet Union believe that they have fully possessed the launching capability of manned spacecraft.

196 1 on March 23, 2008, on the last day of ground training on 10, Soviet astronaut bondarenko wiped the fixed part of the sensor with an alcohol cotton ball in a high-concentration oxygen cabin and left it on the electric heater, which immediately caused a fire. Severe burns, 10 hours after the rescue is invalid.

196 1 12 In April, the Soviet Union launched the world's first manned spaceship "Dongfang" 1. Major yuri gagarin took the "Orient" spacecraft 1, circled the earth for 108 minutes, and then returned safely near saratov. Gagarin became the first astronaut in the world, making the Soviet Union the first in the world in the manned space race with the United States. 1968 On March 27th, Gagarin was killed in an airplane accident while flying MIG 15 fighter training.

196 1 On May 5th, 2008, Allen B. Shepard, the first American astronaut who made suborbital flight, piloted the American Mercury MR3 spacecraft for the first time, making the United States the second country in the world with manned space flight capability after the Soviet Union.

1961on may 25th, American president Kennedy announced in congress that before the end of 1960s, the United States would send a man to the moon and return to the ground safely. Since then, the United States has officially begun to implement the world-famous "Apollo" manned moon landing project. This is another competition launched by the United States after losing the competition with the Soviet Union, which was the first to send people to heaven.

1962 On February 20th, the United States launched the manned spacecraft Mercury 6. Astronaut Lieutenant Colonel John H Glenn flew Mercury 6 three times around the earth, which lasted 4 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds and returned safely in the Atlantic Ocean. Glenn thus became the first person in the United States to enter Earth orbit.

On August 1962, 1 1, the Soviet Union launched the "Dongfang III" spacecraft carrying Major nikolayev. On August 12, the Soviet Union launched the "Dongfang" 4 spacecraft carrying Lieutenant Colonel Popovich. "Dongfang" IV and "Dongfang" III realized the rendezvous and flight of manned spacecraft in space for the first time. Recently, they were separated by 5 kilometers, and the TV was transmitted back from space for the first time.

1On June 6th, 963, Captain tereshkova, the world's first female astronaut, went into space in the Soviet "Orient" 6 spacecraft. The spacecraft circled the earth 48 times, lasting 70 hours and 50 minutes, and returned on June 9, 65438.

1 96410 12, the Soviet Union successfully launched the second-generation manned spacecraft "Ascension"1,carrying three people. Astronauts komarov, Lazar Love and Fetis Tofu circled the earth 16 times in 24 hours 17 minutes and returned to Kustanai. This is the first three-person flight in the space history of the Soviet Union and the world.

1March, 965 18, the Soviet Union launched the "Ascension to Heaven" 2 spacecraft carrying Belyaev and leonov. During the flight, leonov made the first spacewalk in the world space history. He spent 12 minutes at a distance of 5 meters from the spacecraft, and completed experiments such as visual observation and disassembly.

1on March 23, 965, the United States successfully launched the second-generation manned spacecraft Gemini 3. The spacecraft carried American astronauts Lieutenant Colonel Grissom and Major John Young five times around the earth, which lasted 4 hours and 53 minutes. This is the first time that the United States has carried two people.

1On June 3, 965, the United States launched Gemini 4 spacecraft, carrying astronauts Captain McDivitt and Captain White, circling the earth 62 times. White walked outside the cabin for 2 1 minute and used a jet device to manipulate himself in space. This is the first spacewalk in the United States.

1965 15 February 15, the United States launched the Gemini 6 spacecraft, carrying Lieutenant Colonel Sheila and Captain Stamford. The spacecraft circled the earth 16 times, lasting 25 hours 5 1 minute. This flight rendezvous with Gemini 7 launched on February 4, 65438, keeping a close formation flight, and the latest flight was about 0.3m ... This is the first space rendezvous flight of American manned spacecraft.

1March, 966 16, the United States launched Gemini 8 with astronauts Armstrong and Scott, circling the earth 6.5 times, lasting 10 hour 4 1 minute. The manned spacecraft docked with the docking module named "Aquinas" for the first time in flight. This is the first space docking in the world space history.

1967 65438+1On October 27th, the American Apollo 4A spacecraft conducted a ground test on the launch pad. In the spaceship sat Colonel Gleason, who had participated in the flight of Mercury and Gemini spacecraft, Lieutenant Colonel White, the first American to complete extravehicular activities, and Major Chafei, who was preparing to take part in space flight for the first time. Suddenly, the cockpit filled with pure oxygen caught fire and exploded, and three astronauts were burned to death immediately.

1 on April 23, 967, the Soviet union launched the third-generation spacecraft Soyuz1by Soyuz carrier rocket. On April 24th, when the spacecraft returned, it crashed near Orlenpoc in Urals due to parachute failure, and astronaut komarov was killed.

1968 On April 4, the Soviet Union launched the unmanned spacecraft Cosmos 2 12. The spacecraft automatically docked with the later launched Cosmos 2 13 unmanned spacecraft in orbit. This is the first space docking completed by the Soviet Union.

On June1968 65438+1October 1 1, the United States launched the Apollo 7 spacecraft. Astronauts Sheila, Eisele and Cunningham circled the Earth 163 for 260 hours and 9 minutes and returned on the 22nd. This is the first manned earth orbit flight of Apollo spacecraft.

1968 65438+February 2 1 day, the United States launched the apollo 8 spacecraft with Paalmann, Love and Anders. The spacecraft entered the lunar orbit112km away from the lunar surface, flew 10 for 20 hours and 6 minutes, and sent back TV to the earth. Return on the 27th. This is the world's first manned spacecraft around the moon.

1On July 6, 1969, the United States launched the manned spaceship Apollo 1 1, which sent a man to the moon for the first time. The spaceship carried three astronauts, Armstrong, Collins and Aldrin. After a flight of 75 hours and 50 minutes, they entered the orbit around the moon. At 2: 56 GMT, July 2 1 Sunday, astronaut Armstrong became the first man in the world with his left foot on the moon, and said a well-known saying: "This is just a small step for man, but it is a big step for mankind." 19 minutes later, Aldrin followed closely and set foot on the moon. They planted the American flag on the surface of the moon, placed scientific instruments and collected 22 kilograms of moon rocks and soil samples. * * * The activity lasted 2 hours 3 1 minute 40 seconds.

1April 1970 1 1 day, the United States launched Apollo 13 spacecraft, carrying astronauts Lovell, Hayes and Swigat for the third moon landing. After a 56-hour flight, the spacecraft was 330,000 kilometers away from the Earth. When approaching the moon, the radio wave oxygen storage tank burning in the service cabin exploded because of the failure of the thermostat switch of two buttons, and many equipment in the cabin were damaged, and more than half of the oxygen and water were lost. Astronauts Lovel, Hayes and Swigat are facing the disaster of being buried in space. However, they are not afraid of danger. According to the orbit accurately calculated by the ground scientists and the command of the ground commander, they manually operated the spacecraft and used the oxygen and power of the lunar module to successfully return to Earth in April 17, creating a miracle of narrow escape in the history of space flight.

1 June, 9701day, the Soviet Union launched Soyuz-9 spacecraft, carrying astronauts nikolayev and Lasky Yanov. The spacecraft circled the earth 268 times, lasting 424 hours and 59 minutes, setting a new record in the history of manned flight.

197 1 April19, the Soviet union launched the world's first manned space station "salute" with a proton rocket1. Salute 1 Space Station crashed in the Pacific Ocean on 197 1, 1 1 and flew for 175 days. During the operation, two Soyuz spacecraft were docked, and the astronauts of Soyuz 1 1 worked in the station for three weeks. From then on, until 1982, the Soviet Union launched Salute 2 ~ 5 space stations and Salute 6 and 7 space stations of the second generation.

197 1 On June 6th, 2008, the Soviet Union launched a spaceship and Soyuz 1 1 carrying astronauts Dobro Volschi, PaChayev and volkov. The spacecraft successfully docked with the salute 1 space station. After 24 days in orbit, the air in the return cabin leaked on the way back. When it returned to the ground, it found that all three astronauts without spacesuits were killed.

19711On February 7th, the United States launched the Apollo 17 spacecraft, carrying Cernan, Evans and Schmidt. 1 1 Arriving at the moon, two astronauts stayed on the moon for 75 hours and released a satellite in lunar orbit. Spaceship 19 returns. This is the last manned flight to the moon and the seventh flight of Apollo spacecraft to the moon.

1973 on may 14, the United States launched a space station called skylab with Saturn v rocket. After docking with some Apollo spacecraft, there were three groups of nine astronauts working on them. Originally, it was expected that Skylab could run to 1982, but due to the serious failure of the space station, it could not be used normally, and its orbit dropped sharply. In July, 1979, it fell into the southwest waters of Australia in the South Indian Ocean. This is the first manned space station launched by the United States.

1On April 5, 975, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz 18A spacecraft, carrying lazarev and makarov, ready to dock with Salute 4. Shortly after the third stage ignition of the rocket, when the rocket rose to the height of 144 km, due to the failure of the guidance system, the spacecraft rolled in the air and deviated from the scheduled orbit. The ground control center had to issue an emergency life-saving instruction, so that the rocket was shut down urgently, the return capsule was separated from the spacecraft, and the astronauts returned according to the emergency plan and landed safely in the mountainous areas of western Siberia. The flight lasted only 22 minutes. This is the first emergency rescue measure successfully taken due to abnormal rocket flight since manned space flight.

1In July, 975, the Soviet Union and the United States launched spacecraft for joint docking flight. The first launch was Soyuz 19 spacecraft carrying Soviet astronauts leonov and Kubasov. 7.5 hours after the launch, American Apollo 18 was successfully launched from Kennedy Space Center with American astronauts Stamford, slaton and Brand. On July 17, Apollo 18 successfully docked with Alliance 19. The docking state of the spacecraft remained for two days, and American and Soviet astronauts exchanged visits between the spacecraft. This is a rare "space handshake" between the two major competitors of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

1981April 12, the United States launched the world's first space shuttle "Columbia". Since then, the space shuttles Challenger, Atlantis, Discovery and Endeavour have been built one after another. 1986 65438+1On October 28th, the space shuttle Challenger exploded only 73 seconds after launch, killing all seven astronauts on board. On February 1 2003, the space shuttle Columbia disintegrated on the way back, and the seven astronauts on board were killed again. Nevertheless, in the 22 years since it was put into operation, the American space shuttle has successfully flown11times, deployed satellites in space, repaired Hubble and completed countless scientific experiments. It is the main means of transportation for the International Space Station currently under construction.

1984 On July 7, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz T 12 spacecraft. The spacecraft carrying Zani Baikoff, Volcker and female astronaut Savikaya docked with the Salute 7 space station-Soyuz T 10 spacecraft consortium. On 25th, Savika and Zani Baikoff had an extravehicular activity for 3 hours and 35 minutes. Savika became the first woman in the world to walk in space.

1On February 20th, 986, the Soviet Union launched the third generation long-term manned space station-the core module of the "Peace" space station. It lasted for 10 years, and it was not until 1 April 26, 1996 that the Soviet Union (Russia) built a complete module consisting of core module, quantum module1,quantum module 2, crystal module, spectrum module and natural module. On March 23, 2003, after flying around the earth for more than 80,000 times, with a journey of about 3.5 billion kilometers, the "Peace" crashed in the scheduled waters of the Pacific Ocean after nearly 10 years of overdue service. As the world's first long-term manned space station, "Peace" is the spacecraft with the largest mass, the largest number of people and the longest life in the 20th century, and it can be called "a generation of pride"! In the recent 15 years of "peace", * * * received more than 100 astronauts from many countries and international organizations. Among them, Russian astronauts created two space flight records on "Peace": one was created by poliakov, who lived and worked in space for 438 days continuously, and the other was created by Avdeev, who spent 748 days in space. Scientists have used the "Peace" space station to carry out thousands of scientific experiments in life science, microgravity science and application, space science, earth observation and other fields, and have achieved fruitful results that have attracted worldwide attention.

1On June 27th, 995, the American space shuttle Atlantis took off with five American astronauts and two Russian astronauts, which was the first docking flight with the Russian Mir space station. Since then, until 1998, the American space shuttle has made eight docking flights with the Russian space station "Peace", and the successful experience gained has reduced the technical risks in the assembly and operation of the international space station currently being assembled.

1On September 26th, 996, Lucid, an American female astronaut working in the Russian space station "Peace", returned to the ground on the space shuttle Atlantis. Lucid lived in space for 188 days, breaking the female space flight record created by Russian astronaut Kondakova.

1998165438+1On October 20th, Russia launched the first component of the International Space Station "Dawn" into space, and began the grand and arduous task of building the International Space Station. Led by the United States and Russia, the International Space Station was built by Europe 1 1 countries (namely Germany, France, Italy, Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland), Japan, Canada and Brazil *** 16 countries, and it is estimated that it will not be completed until 2006. After completion, the International Space Station is 1 10 meters long and 88 meters wide, which is roughly equivalent to the size of two football fields, with a total mass of over 400 tons. It will be the largest and most advanced artificial heavenly palace in history, operating in an orbit with an inclination of 5 1.6 and a height of 397 kilometers, and can accommodate 6-7 astronauts in orbit.

On April 28th, 2000/kloc-0, Tito, the world's first space tourist and American billionaire, set off from Baikonur space launch site in Kazakhstan on Soyuz TM32, stayed at the International Space Station for 8 days and returned to the ground on May 6th. Tito's trip cost 20 million dollars. In addition to space sightseeing, he is also responsible for some radio communication, navigation and power supply tasks of the spacecraft, and carries out earth observation tasks with Russian astronauts. Tito's space travel initiated a new era of space tourism. From April 25th to May 5th, 2002, the world's second space tourist, South African billionaire Mark Sood Voss, also spent 10 days in space, including 8 days living and working in the International Space Station.