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Sensor Principles and Detection Technology 2021 Chaoxing Erya Full Score Answers

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The sensor consists of four parts: _, _, _, _.

?Answer: Sensitive element

Sensing element

Measurement conversion circuit

Power supply

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According to the type of components that make up the filter, it is divided into _ and _ filters? Answer: RL?RC

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The ratio of _ between the sensor’s actual curve and the theoretical straight line and the output full scale is called the sensor’s ?. ?Answer: Maximum error?Linearity

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The sensitivity of the sensor refers to the ratio of the change amount to the change amount in the steady state. For a sensor, its sensitivity is constant.

?Answer: Output

Input

Linear

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As the core component of the sensor, the component that directly senses the measured physical quantity and converts it is called _. ?Answer: Sensitive component

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Short answer questions

What is a sensor? ?Answer: A device or device that can sense external information like human sensory organs and convert this information into usable output information according to certain rules and requirements.

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Short answer questions

What are the static characteristics of the sensor? What performance indicators does it have? ?Answer: The static characteristics of the sensor refer to the input-output relationship when the measured value is in a stable state. The main performance indicators of the sensor: sensitivity, resolution and resolution, measurement range and range.

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Short answer questions

What are the classification methods of sensors? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? ?Answer: There are two classification methods for sensors: classification according to the properties of the measured physical quantity (input quantity); classification according to the working principle (conversion principle).

The advantage of classifying according to the properties of the measured sensor is that it can clarify the purpose of the sensor, making it easier for users to choose according to its purpose; the disadvantage is that it does not distinguish the accuracy and conversion mechanism of each sensor. Differences make it difficult for users to grasp their working principles and analysis methods.

Classified by working principle (conversion principle), the advantage is that the working principle of the sensor is relatively clear, and the accuracy and characteristics of the sensor can be summarized in principle. There are few categories, and it is suitable for in-depth research on the sensor. Analysis, its disadvantage is that it is inconvenient for users to select sensors according to their uses.

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Short answer questions

What are the signal conditioning circuits of the sensor? What is the role of each? ?Answer: Common signal conditioning circuits include amplifier circuits, linearization circuits, signal form conversion circuits, filter circuits, etc. The amplification circuit mainly amplifies the tiny sensor output signal to facilitate display and control. The linearization circuit performs linear processing on the output of the sensor. In industrial sites, since the signal transmission between the sensor and the instrument and between the instrument and the instrument uses standard signals, that is, 0-5V DC voltage or 0-10mA, 4- 20mA DC current. When transmitting signals with voltage signals, the transmission line will be interfered by noise, and the distributed resistance of the transmission line will produce a voltage drop. In order to solve this problem, current is usually used to transmit signals, so we need to convert the voltage signal into a current signal proportional to it, that is, voltage-current conversion. Voltage-frequency conversion usually converts the output voltage of the sensor into the number of pulses per unit time. Through this conversion, the anti-interference ability of the output signal is improved, and it is suitable for long-distance transmission, but it is not suitable for high real-time requirements. occasion. The filter circuit mainly retains useful signals and removes interference signals.

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Exercises? To be done

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Main advantages of semiconductor strain gauges yes_.

?Answer: High sensitivity; large sensitivity, small mechanical lag, fast frequency response

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The measurement conversion circuit of the resistance strain gauge sensor is a DC bridge. The bridge has high sensitivity, good linearity and automatic temperature compensation function. ?Answer:

Full bridge

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Affects metal conductivity The main factor of material strain sensitivity coefficient K is _. ?Answer: Changes in geometric dimensions of conductive materials; changes in geometric dimensions of conductive materials

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Among the materials used to make strain gauge sensitive grids, the most commonly used metal material is _. ?Answer: Constantan

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Piezoresistive solid-state pressure sensors use silicon A new type of sensor made of ＿ effect and integrated circuit technology. ?Answer:

Piezoresistive

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Piezoelectric material In use, there are usually more than two pieces. When the charge is used as the output, the piezoelectric elements are usually connected together, and when the voltage is used as the output, the piezoelectric elements are usually connected together. ?Answer:

Parallel connection

Series connection

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7

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Piezoelectric sensors work by using the piezoelectric effect. Commonly used preamplifiers are _ and _. ?Answer: Voltage amplifier

Charge amplifier

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For a piezoelectric sensor made of quartz crystal, the pressure generated on the crystal surface is proportional to the pressure acting on the crystal surface, and has nothing to do with the chip and area. Answer: charge; size

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Short answer questions

What is the strain effect? ?Answer: The conductor or semiconductor material will undergo mechanical deformation under the action of external force, and its resistance value will change.

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Short answer questions

What types of resistance strain gauges can be divided into? What are the characteristics of each? ?Answer: There are many types and forms of resistance strain gauges, but commonly used strain gauges can be divided into two categories: metal resistance strain gauges and semiconductor resistance strain gauges. Metal resistance strain gauges are divided into wire type, foil type and film type according to the sensitive grid.

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Short answer questions

What is the piezoresistive effect? ?Answer: The phenomenon that the resistivity of a semiconductor material changes when it is acted upon by an external force in a certain axial direction

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Short answer questions

What physical quantities can piezoresistive sensors measure? ?Answer: Pressure, stress, strain, velocity, acceleration, liquid level

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Short answer questions

Explain the pressure Principle of electrical effect. ?Answer: When certain dielectrics, such as quartz, barium titanate, etc., are deformed by external forces in a certain direction, polarization will occur inside the dielectric, and at the same time, positive and negative charges will appear on its two opposite surfaces. . When the external force is removed, it will return to its uncharged state. This phenomenon is called the positive piezoelectric effect. When the direction of the force changes, the polarity of the charge also changes. On the contrary, when an electric field is applied in the polarization direction of the dielectric, these dielectrics will also deform. After the electric field is removed, the deformation of the dielectric disappears. This phenomenon is called the inverse piezoelectric effect, or electrostriction.

The piezoelectric coefficient of quartz and other piezoelectric single crystals is very small (d=2.31×10-12oC/N), the dielectric constant is very low, but the stability is very high, and the pressure is within the range of 20o ~ 200o. The change rate of the electrical constant is only -0.0001/oC. It is mostly used as standard frequency controlled vibrators, highly selective (mostly high-frequency narrow bandpass) filters, and high-frequency and high-temperature ultrasonic transducers.

Polarized piezoelectric ceramics have a very high piezoelectric coefficient, which is about several hundred times that of quartz crystals, but their mechanical strength is worse than that of quartz crystals. Due to the low manufacturing cost of piezoelectric ceramics, Therefore, the vast majority of piezoelectric components currently produced at home and abroad use piezoelectric ceramics.

Polymer piezoelectric materials have good molding properties, impact resistance, good elasticity and softness, and can make large-area films. Its acoustic impedance is close to that of water and can match the water medium well. It can be used to make higher frequency transducers and broadband hydrophones.

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Short answer questions

Briefly describe the function of the piezoelectric sensor preamplifier and the respective advantages of the two forms. Pros and cons. ?Answer: Preamplifiers also come in two forms: voltage amplifiers and charge amplifiers.

The input voltage of the voltage amplifier is related to the distributed capacitance Cc of the connecting line. When the length of the connecting line changes, the distributed capacitance Cc changes accordingly, and the input voltage Ui also changes accordingly. Therefore, the piezoelectric sensor amplifier The connecting lines between them cannot be replaced at will, otherwise the measurement results will be affected.

The output of the charge amplifier has nothing to do with the distributed capacitance, it only depends on the input charge and feedback capacitance, and is proportional to q and has nothing to do with the distributed capacitance, so it can be measured over long distances, and the distributed capacitance of the connecting line changes It does not affect the sensitivity, which is the biggest feature of the charge amplifier.

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