What are central enterprises, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises, and how to better distinguish them?

First of all, what is a state-owned enterprise?

A state-owned enterprise means that all capital of an enterprise is owned by the state. It includes two parts, a broad sense and a narrow sense. In the broad sense, it refers to an enterprise with state capital. In the narrow sense, a state-owned enterprise means that it is 100% controlled by the state.

How to distinguish between pure state-owned enterprises, state-controlled enterprises and state-owned enterprises?

Purely state-owned refers to state-owned enterprises in a narrow sense, 100% controlled by the state. State-owned holding means that the state holds more than half of the shares. To put it bluntly, the state is the largest shareholder. State-owned enterprises refer to the state's participation in the shares, and there is no proportional requirement.

Secondly, what is a central enterprise?

Central enterprises are actually a branch of state-owned enterprises. They are actually enterprises owned by the whole people. It also includes two parts, broad and narrow. In a broad sense, central enterprises include enterprises with resource management experience, enterprises managed by the China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission, China Insurance Regulatory Commission, and enterprises managed by other departments of the State Council. They mainly include petroleum, the five major banks, telecommunications, industry, railways, radio and television, etc. In a narrow sense, central enterprises refer to enterprises supervised by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission.

Finally, what is a private enterprise?

As the name suggests, private enterprises are privately invested and privately operated enterprises. Compared with state-owned enterprises, they are non-public enterprises. "Private" is also a term with Chinese characteristics. To put it bluntly, it means that it is only available in China and not in foreign countries. There are two definitions in the economics community. One refers to private legal person economic entities that are responsible for their own profits and losses, and the other refers to individual enterprises and private enterprises. .

my country's private enterprises have a good momentum of development, such as Laoganma, Xiaomi, Huawei, etc., but there are also many problems, such as brain drain, low management level, risky operations, etc., so private enterprises still have There is a long way to go.

1. Central enterprises: Central enterprises usually refer to enterprises supervised and managed by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. Generally, those with the word "China" at the beginning are central enterprises, such as: China National Nuclear Corporation, China National Petroleum Corporation, China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd., etc.

2. State-owned enterprises: In fact, central enterprises are also a type of state-owned enterprises. Because you have subdivided them, the state-owned enterprises here should mainly refer to enterprises funded and established by the local government’s State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission: for example: local public companies *Transportation group, hotel named after the city where it is located, financing guarantee leasing company, high-speed company established for highway construction, etc.

3. Private enterprises: Except for the above two types of enterprises, all enterprises are private enterprises. The main investors of private enterprises are individuals or enterprises controlled by individuals. They have nothing to do with the government or the proportion of government investment is small.

The biggest difference between central enterprises, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises can be summed up in one sentence: "Popularity is more important than ability."

In "A Dream of Red Mansions", Rongguo Mansion is like a typical state-owned enterprise group, and the Yihongyuan where Baoyu, the future successor of the group, lives has become the most watched "department" in the Grand View Garden. To work in such a popular department, one must not only have excellent professional qualities, but also be good at maintaining interpersonal relationships with all walks of life.

Take the two "top" maids in Yihongyuan, Xiren and Qingwen, both of whom were "airborne" sent by Jia Mu to take care of Baoyu. soldiers". Xiren's ability is slightly inferior to Qingwen's, but because of his good popularity, Xiren not only gained Baoyu's great dependence and trust, but also won the praise of Jia Mu and the recognition of Mrs. Wang, and became Baoyu's future concubine. The popular candidates, including Daiyu, Baochai and others, were full of praise for Xiren. However, Qingwen, a knitting girl whose ability was far superior to that of Xiren (as can be seen from Qingwen's patching up her peacock fur at night), ended up being kicked out of the Grand View Garden and died of hatred.

In fact, working in Yihongyuan is quite leisurely and relaxing. Generally speaking, it is not too busy. There is no KPI assessment. In addition, Baoyu has a kind temperament and is extremely considerate and caring towards the maids. Qingwen could have become Yihong. The half-mistress of the hospital did not get a good death, partly because her personality was too flamboyant, and partly because she failed to manage her connections well with the highest authority, earning a reputation as a "funny". After inspecting the Grand View Garden, At the critical moment that determined her fate, she was not saved by Jia Mu, Mrs. Wang and others.

This is the feeling of working in a state-owned enterprise. If your popularity is good, as long as your own quality is not too bad, you will eventually be able to protect yourself and be promoted step by step. If you don’t know how to maintain interpersonal relationships and restrain yourself, Personality makes it difficult to survive in state-owned enterprises where interpersonal relationships and interests are complicated.

Zhongma opens the door: Alumni of Nankai University and Sun Yat-sen University, a hot mom born after 1985 who has worked in Fortune 500 companies and start-up companies.

Central enterprises, state-owned enterprises, and private enterprises are divided according to who invests and who manages them. There are enterprises managed by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission directly under the State Council and branches at all levels under the enterprises, such as China Railway Corporation, China Railway, China Construction, and PetroChina. Electric power, tobacco, the four major banks, etc. These enterprises are all central enterprises in Beijing and small counties. Other state-owned enterprises refer to enterprises supervised by the provincial, city and county State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Currently, there are very few enterprises managed by county-level governments. It seems that the county-level State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission is just a department of the Finance Bureau. Not much to say about private companies. The last thing I want to talk about is that with the deepening of reform, mixed economy has become a trend. For example, the familiar Beijing Tongrentang is affiliated to the Beijing Municipal State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Now there are funds below 49% invested by foreign capital and private enterprises, and funds above 51% are state-owned investments. Therefore, with the development of the country and the deepening of reform, central enterprises, state-owned enterprises, and private enterprises in the future can no longer be understood according to traditional culture.

Chinese enterprises are generally divided into state-owned enterprises and private enterprises. Central enterprises are part of state-owned enterprises, and state-owned enterprises are divided into central enterprises and local state-owned enterprises;

(1) What are state-owned enterprises?

The full name of a state-owned enterprise is "state-owned enterprise". The state has ownership or control over the enterprise, the assets of the enterprise are subject to state supervision, and the enterprise whose personnel are appointed by the state is called a state-owned enterprise:

PetroChina , Sinopec, China Mobile, State Grid, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, etc. are the most commonly used things. These enterprises are all state-owned enterprises;

(2) What are central enterprises?

The full name of central enterprises is "central enterprises", which are state-owned enterprises supervised and managed by the central government, such as enterprises managed by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council; enterprises managed by the China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Insurance Regulatory Commission, and China Securities Regulatory Commission; enterprises managed by other departments of the State Council or the public Enterprises managed by groups are classified as central enterprises;

Enterprises such as State Power, China Aviation, China First Heavy Industry, China Shipping, etc. are all central enterprises;

(3) What are private enterprises? ?

Private enterprises refer to private enterprises other than state-owned enterprises, which are operated by personal investment and are responsible for their own profits and losses; these enterprises have no state-owned assets and are all personal assets. /p>

Huawei, JD.com, Gome, Suning, Evergrande, Country Garden and other companies that everyone is familiar with are all private companies.

The so-called state-owned enterprises are enterprises controlled or owned by the state with more than 50% of the state holdings. The relationship between state-owned enterprises and central-level enterprises is one of inclusion and inclusion. State-owned enterprises include central-level enterprises, and their scope is wider than that of central-level enterprises. Central-level enterprises can be generally understood as state-owned enterprises among state-owned enterprises. State-owned enterprises are divided into central enterprises and local enterprises.

1. From the perspective of regulatory authorities

Central enterprises - supervision and management by the central government

Local enterprises - supervision and management by local governments

Central enterprises and local enterprises are both state-owned enterprises, but state-owned enterprises are not necessarily central enterprises.

2. From the perspective of status

State-owned enterprises are the backbone of the development of the national economy and the pillars of socialism with Chinese characteristics; while central enterprises play an important role in national security and major industries and industries of the national economy. It occupies a dominant position in key areas and is an important pillar of the national economy.

As of January 2018, there are 97 central enterprises in my country, of which the first 49 are deputy ministerial-level central enterprises and the last 48 are department-level central enterprises.

Private enterprises

Private enterprises, that is, private enterprises, legal There is no concept of "private enterprise" in it, it is just a common name for non-public enterprises. Since it is privately owned, of course there is no state participation. It is owned or controlled by natural persons or legal persons, manages itself, is responsible for its own profits and losses, and abides by the constraints of the "Company Law". It is a general private enterprise, a one-person limited company, a partnership, or a limited liability company without state participation. Both companies and joint stock companies are private enterprises.

1. Let’s first talk about the differences between state-owned enterprises and private enterprises:

The treatment is different. State-owned enterprises have more benefits and will give out some prizes during festivals, while private enterprises have relatively few.

The working atmosphere is different. The working atmosphere in state-owned enterprises is relatively lazy, while in private enterprises the atmosphere is tense due to high competition pressure.

Promotion channels are different. State-owned enterprises mainly rely on qualifications, while private enterprises mainly rely on ability.

The development prospects are different. The development of state-owned enterprises is relatively restricted, while private enterprises will have good development opportunities as long as you are capable enough.

The benefits are different. State-owned enterprises have five insurances and one housing fund, while only some private enterprises have them.

The working environment is different. The working environment in state-owned enterprises is better, but the environment in private enterprises feels depressing.

2. The difference between central enterprises and state-owned enterprises: Central enterprises are a type of state-owned enterprises. "State-owned enterprises" is the abbreviation of "state-owned enterprises", and "central enterprises" is the abbreviation of "enterprises directly under the central government"; all central enterprises are It is a state-owned enterprise, but state-owned enterprises include: central enterprises, provincial enterprises, municipal enterprises and other state-owned enterprises.

It’s easy to distinguish.

To put it simply, a company is called a company to whom it belongs. To put it bluntly, it means whether ownership or control lies in the hands of the state or in the hands of individuals.

In more professional terms, it is called a controlling shareholder.

If the controlling shareholder is the state or government, it is called a state-owned enterprise. If it is a private person, it is a private enterprise.

For example, if Huawei’s controlling shareholder is Ren Zhengfei, then it is obviously a private enterprise; on the contrary, Chengdu Tianfu New District Investment Group, Mianyang Jiuzhou Group, and similar units are government-controlled, so they are state-owned enterprises.

Pay attention to distinguish between holdings, rather than management and operations.

For example, at Zhuhai Gree Electric Appliances, everyone knows that the management boss is Sister Dong Mingzhu.

However, Gree is actually a state-owned enterprise, because the controlling party behind it is the Zhuhai State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission

So how to distinguish between central enterprises and state-owned enterprises? ?

Central enterprises are also state-owned enterprises, but they are special state-owned enterprises.

There are three typical categories:

Basically, those starting with "China" or "State" are often central enterprises, such as China Petroleum, China Aerospace, China Mobile, Bank of China..., or State Grid, etc.

In contrast, those with a local province or city at the beginning are mostly state-owned enterprises.

In this way, it should be easy to distinguish.

If you have any questions, please leave a message in the comment area

There are deep interconnections between central enterprises and state-owned enterprises, and it is not very clear to distinguish between central enterprises and state-owned enterprises.

First, let’s talk about central enterprises.

In 1990, most state-owned enterprises were in poor performance, and about 70% of them were in the red. Therefore, the reform of state-owned enterprises occurred at this time. At that time, in order to save state-owned enterprises, the country spent more than 2 trillion yuan through financing, debt-for-equity swaps, central reserves, and subsidized loans. This can be said to be an astronomical figure in 1990! Of course, the results will be seen in the decades to come, Top 10!

In daily life, central enterprises include three categories: 1. Enterprises managed by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, such as military industry, telecommunications, etc.; 2. Enterprises with natural monopoly products, such as petroleum; 3. Enterprises managed by mass teams of other departments of the State Council, such as tobacco, gold, railways, ports, airports, radio, television, culture, publishing and other enterprises. There are currently 125 central SOEs.

Second, let’s talk about state-owned enterprises. There are too many state-owned enterprises, but there are thousands of state-owned enterprises listed on the main board and companies controlled by local State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. To put it simply, state-owned enterprises are state-owned enterprises that hold or participate in shares, or are controlled or invested by departments affiliated with state-owned assets, as well as enterprises in which local State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission or relevant departments hold or participate in shares, are all state-owned enterprises.

Finally, let’s talk about private enterprises. To put it simply, private enterprises are enterprises that are self-initiated, non-state-controlled or joint-stock enterprises, non-indirect state-controlled or joint-stock enterprises, and are enterprises operated with proceeds from entrepreneurship by private natural persons.

From the perspective of differentiation, it is based on the nature of controlling shareholders and participating shareholders.

How to better distinguish between central enterprises, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises? What is the nature of the enterprise? It is mainly divided according to the shareholders who contribute capital. The nature of the enterprise will be different if the shareholders of the enterprise are different. If we start from the In this sense, I think it is easier to distinguish. First, central enterprises. The full name is centrally-affiliated enterprises, or enterprises directly under the central government. They are divided into two types: central enterprises in a broad sense and central enterprises in a narrow sense.

In a broad sense, central enterprises include three categories: First, central enterprises managed by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. In terms of economic functions, they are divided into those that provide public products, such as military industry and telecommunications; those that provide natural monopoly products. , such as petroleum; those that provide competitive products, such as general industry, construction, and trade; the second are central enterprises managed by the Ministry of Finance and Central Huijin, which belong to the financial industry, such as Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Bank of Communications, China Development Bank, Export-Import Bank of China, Agricultural Development Bank of China, China Life Insurance Group, People's Insurance Company of China, China Taiping Insurance Group, China Export and Credit Insurance Corporation, etc.; third, by other departments of the State Council or mass organizations Centrally managed enterprises, such as tobacco, gold, railway passenger and freight, ports, airports, radio, television, culture, publishing and other industries. Central enterprises in a narrow sense usually refer to central enterprises supervised and managed by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. Second, state-owned enterprises. State-owned enterprises include two major categories: central enterprises and local state-owned enterprises.

Among state-owned enterprises, central enterprises have been explained in detail above. Central enterprises are generally relatively large state-owned enterprises. In addition to central enterprises, which are state-owned enterprises, there are also state-owned enterprises invested by local governments. According to different investment entities, they are divided into provincial enterprises, municipal enterprises, district and county enterprises, etc. According to international practice, an enterprise with more than 50% state-owned asset investment or shareholding is a state-owned enterprise. Some state-owned enterprises were transformed from their original government departments, such as China Telecom and China Mobile. They were originally the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, but were later reorganized into telecom companies such as China Telecom and China Mobile. State-owned enterprises refer to non-corporate economic organizations whose corporate assets are owned by the state and are registered in accordance with the "Regulations of the People's Republic of China and State Enterprise Legal Person Registration and Management". The main investment entity of the assets is the state-owned assets management department, which is a state-owned enterprise. enterprise. After the implementation of the Company Law, many state-owned enterprises have been converted into limited liability companies or joint-stock companies in accordance with the provisions of the Company Law. However, there are also many wholly state-owned companies that are not limited liability companies and are called holding group companies, etc.

For example, the full name of Chongqing Chemical Medicine Group Co., Ltd., where I was originally, was called "Chongqing Chemical Medicine Holding Group Company". It was actually an investment platform, and its affiliated companies were invested by Chemical Medicine Holdings. Third, private enterprises. Private enterprises are enterprises invested and managed by private capital.

my country's private enterprises basically developed after the reform and opening up. In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, in the primary stage of socialism, the country adheres to the basic economic system in which public ownership is the mainstay and multiple ownership economies develop simultaneously. Private enterprises are also an important part of various economic components in our country. In a broad sense, private enterprises correspond to wholly state-owned enterprises. As long as they are controlled by private capital, they are private enterprises. Some private enterprises may include state-owned capital. However, the proportion of state-owned capital is relatively small; in a narrow sense, private enterprises refer to individual private enterprises, and any enterprise that is invested or managed by private capital is a private enterprise. At present, my country's private enterprises have accounted for half of the country's total economic output, and have even exceeded state-owned enterprises. They have provided employment for more than two-thirds of the population and have become the mainstay of my country's employment channels. To sum up, central enterprises are also state-owned enterprises. State-owned enterprises include central enterprises and local state-owned enterprises. Local state-owned enterprises include provincial enterprises, municipal enterprises, district and county enterprises, etc. The attributes of state-owned enterprises are also different depending on the investment entities. Differently, private enterprises are a concept corresponding to state-owned enterprises. Private enterprises are enterprises invested and operated by private capital, and they are also the enterprises with the highest degree of marketization.