"Big data", revealing the secrets of space

“Big data” reveals the secrets of space

What should I do if I go out and can’t find my direction and destination for a while? Check the electronic map on your phone immediately! Maybe you will respond this way. But do you know where this “location”-related information comes from?

In February 2013, the State Council issued a notice deciding to carry out the first national geographical census from 2013 to 2015. Relevant work in Hangzhou began immediately, and recently completed the first batch of water, agricultural land, artificial areas, urban construction areas, green space rate, green coverage rate and other natural geography and education, sanitation, medical, cultural and sports and other public projects *** Facility information data collection and production, with plans to publish it in the form of a white paper.

Industry insiders say that once these geographical and national conditions data are fully applied, their functions are by no means limited to positioning locations. In the future, it will also play a major role in optimizing urban layout, enabling smart life, disaster prevention and reduction, and refined urban management. Even commercial big data such as "Taobao" will pale in comparison.

What kind of big data is it?

Insight into the geographical elements around you

Ms. Zhang, a citizen who has just moved to Building 27, Hemu New Village, Hangzhou, is going to a restaurant in the Dadou Road Historic District for a party. Since she was not familiar with the road conditions, she obtained the recommended driving route through Baidu Maps on her mobile phone. She followed the map all the way and arrived at the agreed upon location smoothly.

At the same time, within the Hangzhou Municipal Bureau of Surveying, Mapping and Geographic Information (Planning Bureau), as long as any staff member logs in to the "Hangzhou Municipal Geography and Market Situation Platform", between the same starting point and end point, there will be is a spatial plan very similar to Baidu Map. A careful comparison will reveal the differences between the two: the former is relatively concise in the presentation of geographical elements, while the latter is more detailed and rich in content.

“The base map of any commercial map comes from geospatial framework data.” said the person in charge of the Hangzhou Bureau of Surveying, Mapping and Geographic Information. This is a huge database that is layered and organized to obtain the topographic map data of the entire Hangzhou city and image data consisting of five layers of information, including roads, buildings, water bodies, green areas, and open spaces. The application of modern space information and surveying and mapping technologies such as global navigation satellite positioning and aerospace remote sensing ensures its high accuracy and authority.

Before being disclosed to the public, it will undergo a series of declassification processes in accordance with surveying and mapping regulations. While eliminating those geographical elements that must be kept confidential, other geographical information needed for people's production, life, and entertainment will be retained. Then it can be processed into various ordinary maps that people see in daily life.

Even so, this seemingly high-end database is only the basis for the entire geographical census.

According to reports, this census covers many geographical elements such as nature, humanities, and economy, and needs to be completed with the joint participation of all relevant functional departments. Among them, physical geography includes the category, location, scope, area, etc. of topography, vegetation coverage, waters, deserts and bare lands, etc. Human geography includes transportation networks, towns and villages (streets), and the distribution of schools, hospitals, sports, culture and other facilities. , Economic geography includes the types and distribution of stores and enterprises, etc.

Relevant United Nations literature shows that 80% of the information obtained from human activities is related to geographical location. With the completion of the first batch of geographical and national conditions information data collection work in Hangzhou, our daily lives and the space in which they exist are also being revealed by this growing geographical big data. For example, for medical facilities in a certain community, where is the nearest health station to you, what departments does it have, and what kind of medical services can it provide to residents? The answer can be quickly found from the geospatial frame data.

Optimization, urban spatial layout

Nowadays, Taobao sellers are keen to sell products to specific groups of people based on the Taobao index published on the website, and for some catering investors, they choose to The choice of which location to open a new restaurant is often made after referring to the takeout delivery intensive points displayed by the smart catering system.

The same is true for the purpose of census geographic big data. It is understood that these massive data will eventually be integrated into the "Hangzhou Geography and Market Information Platform", relying on mature geospatial framework data to provide more targeted geographic information services for the city's related work.

The staff of the planning department first felt its "capability": "We often hear parents complain that there are too few primary schools around a certain community and it is difficult for their children to go to school. Is this the actual situation? Yes? Use big data to analyze and judge.”

Under the operation of the staff, the reporter saw a map of the distribution of the primary school-age population and school conditions in the street where the community is located. The population information comes from the results of the 6th National Census. Different shades of green represent the distribution density of the population of this age group in different blocks. The white dots represent the number of existing primary schools in the street. The radius of each primary school is With 1000 meters and 500 meters as the boundaries, it is divided into two round blocks, light red and dark red.

"Where are the primary schools most concentrated and where are they most dispersed? Whether their number and layout are compatible with the population density and service scope, the answer is clear at a glance." A staff member of the planning department said that at the location of the community , there is one primary school within 500 meters, and two more within 1,000 meters, which can basically meet the enrollment requirements of the surrounding school-age population. In other plots where the distribution of dots is obviously less, it is necessary to add several new primary schools and where it is more suitable to build them. Big data will also provide a relatively objective perspective.

The staff said that with the increasing shortage of new land in many big cities, how to optimize the existing stock space and conduct refined management on this basis has become a matter of great concern to them. problem, the application of geographical big data is particularly important at this time.

Not only that, more units and individuals have begun to share the results of geographical big data. It is understood that the Hangzhou Municipal Surveying, Mapping and Geographic Information Bureau has connected with the Municipal Water Control Office, Housing Management Bureau, Urban Investment Group, Electric Power Bureau and other departments to apply the results of the geographical census to their corresponding work in a timely manner.

Looking ahead, all-round smart life

If one day, you receive such a text message on your mobile phone while walking, it reminds you that there is a major fire 500 meters ahead, and provides you with Choose the most suitable travel route. Please don’t be surprised, this will be a breakthrough for smart city management after geographic big data is fully utilized.

You won’t be the only one receiving the news. Security personnel in smart buildings can call up the monitoring screen according to the alarm system prompts of the fire location, and take emergency measures to close the corresponding fire shutters; the fire department will evaluate the fire detachment that can reach the fire location fastest based on this, and quickly The police were dispatched; the traffic control department also followed the call to help evacuate the road traffic around the location... Behind this series of emergency disaster prevention mechanisms is a set of "Hangzhou City Information Modeling" called "CIM (City Information Modeling)" Full information model”.

“This is a five-dimensional integrated data model that integrates time, information, and three-dimensional space. It is not only an ideal model for the application of geographical big data, but also our vision for smart cities.” Hangzhou City The relevant person in charge of the Bureau of Surveying, Mapping and Geographic Information said. In addition to smart city management and emergency disaster prevention, it can also accurately simulate every space in the building and record its relevant information, such as space attributes such as area and function, as well as asset information such as leasing status, contracts, decorations, and reports; It can also be used in the construction and management of urban underground pipelines. For large-scale projects that require comprehensive coordination among multiple departments, the big data platform it provides can also assist in macro analysis and formulate more intuitive, comprehensive and detailed plans.

How to turn vision into reality? “The key is to use unified geospatial data, break down information barriers, and strengthen data circulation and application,” the person in charge told reporters.

According to reports, with the establishment of geospatial framework data and the development of the geographical census, various functional departments have established their own business application systems based on geospatial framework data and input relevant data into a unified in the geographic information platform. However, these data are not updated in a timely manner, and often the relevant information has changed, but has not been corrected simultaneously in the corresponding spatial map, resulting in asymmetry between the diagram and the current information.

On the other hand, the combination of commercial terminal data of large enterprises, such as mobile phone positioning data, Taobao consumption data and geospatial frame data, can be turned into unexpected information and provide services to all walks of life. and decision support.

The person in charge said that they are actively exploring and broadening the channels for obtaining geographical information, trying to connect with mobile terminal big data generating departments such as Amap, Alibaba, and provincial and municipal mobile companies. According to government decisions , department management and economic and social development needs, customize special data application topics to form more application examples.