Questions about South Korea’s reforms in the 1980s

South Korea’s foreign investment has gradually increased since the late 1980s. The main investment area is Southeast Asia, and most of the invested companies produce labor-intensive products. Such investments are primarily aimed at strengthening international competitiveness that has been weakened by rising domestic wages. South Korea's investments in the United States, Canada, Europe and other places are mainly due to large companies' efforts to avoid trade barriers such as tariffs and import restrictions in developed countries.

6. Society

(1) Science, education, culture and media

1. Education

(1) Overview

South Korea has always attached great importance to education. As early as the 1970s, it had basically eliminated illiteracy and now has one of the highest literacy rates in the world. The proportion of college graduates per 10,000 people is second only to the United States, and its educational level is among the best in the world. Education funds are centrally raised, and government funding accounts for the vast majority of school budgets. The education budget usually accounts for about 20% of total government expenditure. The Ministry of Education is responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies and guidelines regarding academic activities, science and public education.

South Korea’s educational institutions are divided into national schools (elementary schools), junior high schools (junior high schools), colleges and universities (high schools), and universities. According to the compulsory education system, Korean primary schools provide 6 years of compulsory education to children aged 6 to 11 years old. Higher education institutions in South Korea are divided into public and private institutions, of which 80% are private.

(2) Educational policies, goals and reforms

In order to improve the quality and educational level of the people and accelerate the development of modern education, the government has introduced a series of policies and measures to deepen education reform. . The "National Education Charter" formulated in 1968 stipulates that the goal of Korean education is to "cultivate true Koreans who love the country and devote themselves to the development and prosperity of the motherland." In the 1970s, the government reformed education curricula and revised textbooks based on the National Education Charter. South Korea has also established the "Korea Education Development Institute" to carry out university education reforms and implement a university-specific system with the purpose of "cultivating Koreans with a sense of subjectivity." In the 1980s, South Korea's educational reform adapted to changes in the domestic and international environment and set the goal of establishing an education system to cultivate international talents. South Korea formulated the "National Long-term Development Concept for the Year 2000? Education Department Report", which proposed "cultivating Koreans with a subjective, creative and ethical spirit who will lead a highly developed 21st century society that is informatized, internationalized and open." goal. In 1992, the sixth "Curriculum Reform Outline" was announced, once again focusing on the education reform strategy "focusing on the cultivation of new talents needed for a democratic, information-based society, a highly industrialized, and internationalized future society." On May 31, 1995, a new education reform plan was introduced, namely "To establish a new education system that leads the globalization and information age", which takes the cultivation of talents with global awareness, good quality and leadership as the basic goal, and Cultivating international talents is a strategic policy of education reform, and the opening of education is regarded as "an opportunity for the internationalization of education and ensuring national competitiveness." The direction of educational reform is: from "uniform education" to "diversified education" that cultivates high-quality and creative talents; from "education determined by providers" to "education that respects the choices of those in need"; from "education determined by providers" to "education that respects the choices of those in need". Transform from "education based on rules and regulations" to "self-discipline education" and "participation education". This is a countermeasure based on the development trends of the international community and South Korea's economic and technological development strategies. The goal of the reform is to create talents who are in line with and can lead the trend of internationalization.

(3) Social education and on-the-job training

South Korean social education institutions include citizen schools and business schools. Citizen Schools and Senior Citizen Schools provide courses equivalent to regular elementary and junior high schools ranging from 1 to 3 years for those who wish to improve or resume formal education at junior high school. Commercial schools and advanced commercial schools teach 1 to 3-year vocational education courses to those who have graduated from elementary school or junior high school or have equivalent academic qualifications. Broadcasting Correspondence University is another important channel of social education in South Korea, providing four-year courses after high school for working youth and adults.

Students who complete the required credits can obtain a degree equivalent to that of graduates from regular institutions of higher learning.

In addition, reading activities are carried out through streets and rural libraries (i.e. small book reading rooms), various short-term lectures are held in parks, cultural centers and other places, and various youth classes or women's classes are organized in rural areas. , as part of a community education campaign. The range of courses is very wide, ranging from special vocational skills to various craft technologies.

In 1976, South Korea promulgated the "Enterprise Employee Training Act", which stipulates that any enterprise with more than 150 employees must conduct indispensable training for 20 of its employees every year. Less than 3 months of off-the-job technical training. In fact, some large and medium-sized enterprise groups in South Korea have a cultural tradition of running corporate schools and even graduate schools as sole proprietorships.

(4) Special education

The Korean Education Law stipulates that each Provincial and metropolitan cities must establish more than one special education school for children with disabilities. The number of special education schools providing primary and secondary education has been increasing in recent years. As of 1997, there were 109 special education schools in South Korea with a total of 22,569 students. Among these schools are 12 schools for the blind, 19 schools for the deaf, 16 schools for the physically handicapped, 63 schools for the mentally retarded and 4 schools for the mentally handicapped. In addition to general education, these schools also provide technical training to prepare students with disabilities for productive work. The Ministry of Education is responsible for student employment placement and organizes special skills competitions.

2． Science and Technology

(1) Overview

Science and technology is an important area of ??priority development in South Korea. For decades, South Korea has had a high degree of awareness of the development of science and technology. The government has taken the lead in advocating it, and officials, enterprises, and academia have worked together to formulate and adopt many policies, regulations, and measures. For example, in 1967, the government established the Science and Technology Office to oversee South Korea's scientific and technological research work. Another example is that since January 1982, the president has personally presided over and held regular science and technology promotion conferences, which has led to the rapid development of South Korea's science and technology industry.

At present, South Korea’s priority areas in science and technology are computers, semiconductors, robots, telecommunications and precision chemicals. In 1999, the South Korean government formulated a long-term plan for scientific and technological revitalization to improve the country's scientific and technological competitiveness to seventh in the world by 2025. According to this plan, South Korea regards seven fields, including information, bioengineering, new materials, energy, and environment, as leading scientific and technological fields in the 21st century, and concentrates manpower and material resources to vigorously support scientific research in these fields. At the same time, the government also promotes campaigns such as "one computer per person" and "one website per person". The government has also formulated the "Comprehensive Plan for the Revitalization of Local Science and Technology" and the "Preparatory Plan for the Space Development Work System" to gradually increase investment in local scientific research, promote the balanced development of local science and technology, and formulate plans and policies related to space development to cultivate space development Talent

In order to effectively ensure the effective implementation of the policy of "building a nation through science and technology", the Korean government has vigorously strengthened science and technology legislation. In November 1999, the new "Special Law on Science, Technology and Innovation" was officially promulgated and implemented. The new regulations have made major changes in the following aspects to further strengthen science and technology legislation. 1. Establish the National Science and Technology Commission to strengthen the country’s leadership in science and technology; 2. Expand the functions of the National Science and Technology Commission; 3. Add the Korea Science and Technology Evaluation Institute; 4. Issue technology development lotteries; 5. Revitalize local science and technology, etc.

In order to build a national scientific and technological innovation system, the Korean government has promulgated and implemented new laws and regulations while also embarking on a series of major reforms and adjustments to the national scientific research system and policies. 1. Reform and adjust the national scientific research system, including strengthening the country’s macro-management and coordination of scientific and technological work, reorganizing the government scientific research system, reforming the management system of scientific research institutes, introducing a competition mechanism in employment and allocation, and implementing an evaluation system; 2. Giving full play to enterprises The role of technology development entities; 3. Accelerate the development of high-tech industries; 4. Strengthen basic research.

(2) Scientific and technological research and development

Judging from the scale of investment in scientific and technological research and development, since the 1980s, South Korea’s total investment in scientific and technological research and development has accounted for 10% of its total national product. The proportion of value increased rapidly, from only 0.81 in 1981 to 2.79 in 1996. It is planned to increase to more than 5 by 2001, thus shortening the gap with developed countries. The government also provides preferential policies in taxation and credit to encourage companies to increase their research and development expenses to 3 to 4% of total sales, so as to be in line with companies in developed countries. From the perspective of investment structure, before the mid-1980s, the government and public sector investment accounted for the majority of the investment. Starting from the mid-1980s, the proportion of investment by the government and public sector declined sharply, and the proportion of investment by the private sector substantial increase.

Before 1997, the growth rate of research and development investment was basically above 12 every year. According to a survey by the Swiss International Business Development Institute (IMD), based on 1997 standards, South Korea ranked sixth in the world in terms of absolute scale of investment in scientific and technological research and development. In 1998, affected by the financial crisis, the growth rate of research and development investment dropped to 10.5, and in 1999 it returned to the level of 13.4. The total investment in research and development in 1999 was 12.37 trillion won. Among them, the investment by the government and public sector was 3.11 trillion won, with a growth rate of 14.1, accounting for 25.1 of the total investment in research and development, and the investment by the private sector was 9.26 trillion won, with a growth rate of 13.2, accounting for 25.1% of the total investment in research and development. 74.9.

(3) Scientific researchers and scientific research institutions

The number of scientific researchers and scientific research institutions in South Korea is increasing very rapidly. In 1972, the number of scientific researchers in South Korea was only 5,599. In 1995, the number increased to 128,000, with an average of 2.86 scientific researchers per 1,000 people. The number of scientists, engineers and technicians sent overseas by South Korea for training each year has also increased year by year. In the 1970s, the annual average was more than 600, in the early 1980s, the annual average was more than 9,000, and in the early 1990s, the annual average was nearly 10,000. The South Korean government also strives to recruit high-level scientific and technological talents from abroad and attract talented scientists who have studied and trained in developed countries to return to work in the country.

In 1996, there were 2,856 scientific research institutions in South Korea, including 163 public research institutes, 258 research institutions affiliated with universities, colleges and junior colleges, and 2,435 affiliated to Institute of private industry. South Korea's scientific and technological information institutions and scientific research institutions mainly include the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), the Industrial Technology Information Institute, the Production Technology Research Institute, the National Industrial Laboratory, the Patent Office, and the Small and Medium Enterprises Promotion Corporation. and Daedeok Science City near Daejeon, etc. The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology and the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology have played a key role in improving scientific knowledge and technology. Daedeok Science City was completed in November 1992 and has 60 research and development institutions and 3 universities.

3. Culture and Art

(1) Overview

Korea’s culture and art has a long history and rich heritage. After the establishment of the government of the Republic of Korea, Korean culture and art got rid of the shackles of colonial cultural policies and began new development. However, due to the cultural restriction policy implemented by the Korean government for a period of time, the development of literature and art has been subject to certain restrictions. In 1988, the government promulgated a new cultural policy and began to implement loose and supportive cultural policies. Since then, the cultural field has flourished. In July 1994, the Korea Cultural Policy Development Institute was established to conduct research on the country’s cultural development policies and formulate cultural development plans.

In order to revitalize cultural undertakings, South Korea has incorporated culture into legal management. Relevant laws include the "Culture and Art Promotion Law", "Performance Law", "Film Law", "Cultural Relics Protection Law", and "Copyright Law" , "Audiovisual Works Management Law", "Museum Law", "Traditional Building Preservation Law", etc., have promoted the healthy development of cultural undertakings.

The Ministry of Culture of South Korea oversees cultural and artistic work in South Korea.

(2) World-class cultural heritage

On December 9, 1995, three Korean cultural heritages were included in UNESCO’s world cultural heritage list for the first time. It joins the ranks of 469 cultural heritage items from 105 other countries. These three cultural properties include the 8th-century Bulguksa Temple located in Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province and the man-made Seokguram Grotto attached to the temple, and the 13th-century Korean Tripitaka collected in Haeinsa Temple in South Gyeongsang Province. , and the ancestral temple of the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) located in the capital Seoul. In 1997, two other cultural heritage sites, Hwaseong Fortress and Changdeokgung Palace, were also included in the World Cultural Heritage List.

At the 3rd meeting of the International Advisory Committee of UNESCO held in Uzbekistan in 1997, South Korea's "Hunminjeongeum" and "Records of the Joseon Dynasty" were recognized and listed as "World Record Heritage" (UNESCO Memory of the World). In 1998, South Korea joined the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

In order to better manage and protect national cultural heritage, in May 1999, the Korean Congress passed an amendment to the Government Organization Law, upgrading the original Cultural Heritage Administration to the "Cultural Heritage Management Office." This is the first time the Korean government has established a cultural heritage management office since its establishment, and it coincides with a time when it emphasizes having better troops and simpler administration, so this move is particularly eye-catching.

4. Media

(1) Newspapers and periodicals

Korean newspapers and periodicals have a history of more than 100 years. Chosun Ilbo and Dong-A Ilbo are the two oldest newspapers in South Korea. They were both founded in 1920 after the famous "March 1st" independence movement. In recent years, Korean newspapers have invested heavily in publishing and printing environments and equipment.

At the end of 1997, South Korea had 106 daily newspapers and 5,249 weekly and monthly magazines. Together with other periodicals, including bimonthly and quarterly magazines and 1,465 non-commercial periodicals, the total number of newspapers and periodicals published in Korea reaches 7,393. However, in 1998, affected by the financial crisis and structural adjustment, many newspapers and magazines closed down or ceased publication. The total number of newspapers and periodicals in South Korea was greatly reduced. As a reform measure in the newspaper industry, the most significant point is to decouple newspapers and magazines that were originally owned by a large enterprise group from the enterprise, such as the Central Daily News from Samsung, the Cultural Ilbo from Hyundai, and Kyung Sinmun. Separate and independent from Hanhua. In addition, starting from January 1998, many newspapers have changed the original vertical layout for decades to horizontal layout to make it easier for readers to read.

(2) News Agency

Shortly after the liberation in 1945, South Korea's first news agency, "Liberation News", was established. In 1980, the two most important comprehensive news agencies, "Contract" and "Toyo" merged to form "Yonhap News Agency". "Yonhap News Agency" has become a cooperative organization of national news media. It is the first such news agency in South Korea and the only comprehensive news agency in South Korea at present. The United News Agency has signed contracts and news exchange agreements with more than 45 foreign news agencies such as the Associated Press and Agence France-Presse.

(3) Radio station

In 1927, the Japanese established the first radio station in Seoul, which was the beginning of Korean radio broadcasting. In September 1945, the US military administration took over the radio station and established the Korea Broadcasting Corporation (KBS). This was the only radio station in Korea at the time. It was not until 1954 that a private broadcast network, Christian Broadcasting System (CBS), was established, which began broadcasting educational and religious programs as well as news and entertainment programs. South Korea's first commercial radio station was the Busan Cultural Broadcasting Station established in Busan in April 1959, and some private radio stations were also established accordingly. In 1966, Seoul FM Broadcasting Company opened a radio station, which marked the beginning of FM broadcasting in Korea. The other three FM radio stations were established in 1970.

The merger of various media in the autumn of 1980 brought about tremendous changes in the history of Korean radio broadcasting.

The Korea Broadcasting Corporation (KBS) became the largest broadcasting network with 25 local stations and currently provides broadcasting services in 10 languages. In 1990, there was again a wave of reform throughout the Korean broadcasting industry. One of the policies of the reform was the emergence of private radio stations to supplement the state-owned stations. Another phenomenon is the establishment of some specialized radio stations. The Traffic Broadcasting Station (TBS) managed by Seoul City was established in June 1990, and the state-owned Education Broadcasting Station (EBS) was established in December of the same year. In June 1996, there were 116 radio stations in South Korea, including 62 FM stations. In 1997, the USFK Broadcasting Network was renamed the USFK Broadcasting Network (AFN). In December 1998, the Korean broadcasting industry established the Broadcasting Reform Committee, which advocated improving and emphasizing the public welfare and impartiality of radio stations.

(4) Television

In 1956, South Korea’s first TV station, which was also a privately-operated commercial TV station, was opened in Seoul. However, the TV station was destroyed by a fire in 1989. On December 31, 1961, the government established the official Korea Broadcasting Corporation Television (KBS-TV) in Seoul as the first television station in South Korea to provide national television services. Afterwards, the private Toyo Broadcasting Corporation Television (TBC-TV) started broadcasting in December 1964, and the private Cultural Broadcasting Corporation Television (MBC-TV) was established in August 1969, and later expanded into a nationwide television network with 19 local television stations. . On December 1, 1980, the South Korean government allowed the broadcast of color television programs. Since 1990, private television stations have continued to emerge. Currently, there are 46 TV stations in South Korea.

When KBC TV started broadcasting in 1961, there were only 25,000 TV sets in South Korea. By March 1998, there were more than 15.8 million color TV sets registered with the Korean Broadcasting Corporation, with an average of more than one set per household nationwide. There are also millions of black and white televisions in use across the country.

(5) Cable TV

Cable TV was first introduced to South Korea in 1970. In the late 1980s, due to the growing public demand for information and the advancement of communication technology, widespread reception of cable television became both necessary and possible. In 1991, the government decided to allow the introduction of complete cable television equipment. On March 1, 1995, cable television was launched. As of 1997, there were 29 cable TV channels broadcasting 16 categories of programs, 3 of which were public channels.

(6) Satellite TV

Since July 1996, the Korean Broadcasting Corporation has broadcast TV programs on 2 channels through the Infinity Flower Communication Satellite. Since August 1997, Educational Broadcasting The station also broadcasts television programs on 2 satellite channels. In August 1999, South Korea's Arirang TV conducted the first live satellite TV broadcast from South Korea to overseas. The station has obtained live television rights in more than 60 countries throughout the Asia-Pacific region, Northern Europe and North Africa, and broadcasts television programs around the clock.

5. Sports

The Korean government attaches special importance to developing sports, enhancing people's physical fitness, and enhancing national prestige by improving performance in international competitions. Developing sports has become an important national policy of the government.

In order to develop sports, the Korean government formulated and promulgated relevant regulations very early, such as the "National Sports Promotion Law" in 1962 and the "National Sports Promotion Fund Law" in 1976. The government also heavily rewards athletes who achieve outstanding results. In 1982, the government established the Ministry of Sports. In 1993, the ministry merged with the Ministry of Culture to become the Ministry of Culture and Sports. In 1998, the ministry was changed to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The Seoul Olympic Movement Promotion Association was established in 1989 and is responsible for raising and managing funds used to promote national sports and improve the level of athletes. The Korea Sports Council (KSC) oversees all amateur sports activities. This association consists of 47 individual federations.

With the development of the economy, South Korea’s allocation to sports has increased year by year. Before 1977, annual sports funding was less than 1 billion won. Since the 1980s, sports funding has increased significantly.

In 1995, a sports promotion fund of 500 billion won was raised.

In order to strengthen sports scientific research and teaching, relevant sports organizations have planned to organize physical education teachers and coaches to study and study abroad, and have paid heavily to hire foreign sports professionals to go to South Korea to give lectures, guide and disseminate experience. In order to further improve and strengthen the nationally recognized coach training system, Seoul National University, Korean Judo School, Chungnam University, Chosun University, Dong-A University, etc. are designated as social sports instructor training institutes responsible for cultivating sports talents.

The good mass sports foundation and rapid economic development, as well as the government's emphasis on and promotion of sports work, have enabled South Korea's sports industry to develop rapidly and achieve great results in a series of international competitions. In particular, the world's attention was drawn to her ranking fourth in the world at the 24th Summer Olympics held in Seoul in 1988. South Korea ranked seventh at the 25th Summer Olympics held in Barcelona, ??Spain, in 1992. In Asia, South Korea is the only country to have reached the World Cup finals four times.

Now South Korea is already a world-recognized sports power. It not only actively participates in various international and regional sports competitions, but also hosts many international and regional competitions. Since 1971, South Korea has hosted international football championships every year. In addition to the 10th Asian Games in 1986 and the 1988 Olympic Games, South Korea hosted the 14th Asian Games in Busan in 2002. In the same year, it also competed with Japan Also hosted the World Cup.

(2) National life, social security and medical health

1. National Life

With the rapid economic development over the past 30 years, South Korea's national living standards have improved year by year. In 1996, South Korea's per capita national income (GNI) reached US$11,380, a record high in history. South Korea joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and its living standards ranked among the world's moderately developed countries. After the financial crisis in 1997, South Korea's unemployment rate increased significantly, wages fell, and income dropped significantly. In 1998, per capita national income was only US$6,823, a new low in the 1990s, and returned to the level of the 1980s. Consumer prices rose by 7.5%, the largest increase since 1991 (9.3%). The average monthly income of urban residents was 2.133 million won, a year-on-year decrease of 6.7, and the average monthly nominal income experienced negative growth for the first time. The average monthly household expenditure was 1.536 million won, a year-on-year decrease of 8.4, and the average monthly consumer expenditure also showed negative growth for the first time. From the perspective of consumption trends, except for household essential expenditure items, expenditures on other items have decreased significantly. Judging from the income distribution, the average monthly income of the highest wage earner group is 4.244 million won, which is more than 5.4 times the average monthly income of the lowest wage earner group of 784,000 won. In terms of the scale of consumption expenditure, the average monthly consumption expenditure of the highest wage earner group is 2.072 million won, which is 2.73 times the average monthly consumption expenditure of the lowest wage earner group of 760,000 won. From the perspective of consumption proportion, the consumption of low-income groups accounts for a larger proportion in basic consumption items such as food, housing, water, electricity, heating, and medical care. On the contrary, the consumption of high-income groups accounts for a larger proportion in selective consumption items such as education, entertainment, transportation, communications, and clothing. In 1999, after more than two years of drastic economic and financial reforms and structural adjustments, the economy returned to prosperity, the number of employed people increased significantly, the unemployment rate dropped significantly, and income increased. The per capita national income reached US$8,581.

2. Social Security

South Korea’s social security system is divided into two categories: one is the insurance plan formulated in accordance with the Social Security Law, including medical care, unemployment, unemployment, old age, work-related accidents, family allowances, pregnant women and childbirth, and family funerals Waiting for subsidies. The other type is a public relief plan or free gift, which provides living expenses, subsidies and medical expenses to the elderly, the disabled due to work-related injuries, the mentally ill, and the congenitally disabled. The insurance coverage is divided into two parts: insurance and public relief. Implement various welfare systems in accordance with policies,

and gradually expand and develop these systems.

The specific contents of South Korea’s social security plan are as follows: In terms of social insurance, there are medical insurance, work-related accident compensation insurance, pension insurance, seafarers’ insurance, severance pay allowance system, etc. In addition, in terms of public relief and social welfare services, the Ministry of Social Health provides food, fuel, education, medicine and funeral expenses to those who need daily care.

In 1998, the implementation of the pension system was extended to all workplaces and self-employed individuals. In February 2000, South Korea promulgated the National Basic Living Security Act. According to this new regulation, starting from October 2000, all families whose income is below the minimum living standard line set by the Korean government will receive the minimum living security provided by the government. The core of the new regulations is to relax the standards for government relief recipients. It is expected that after the new regulations are implemented, the number of people receiving minimum living security provided by the government will increase from the current 500,000 to 1.53 million. The implementation of this policy is an important step towards South Korea's welfare state.

3． Medical and Health

(1) Overview

South Korea formulated the Medical Insurance Law in 1963 and began to implement it in manufacturing and construction industry units with more than 500 employees in July 1977 Medical insurance system. In January 1979, South Korea began to implement a medical insurance system for people in civil servants, teachers and other industries. In January 1988, the scope of application of South Korea's medical insurance system was expanded to rural and fishing village areas and units with more than 5 employees. In July 1989, its scope of application was expanded to urban self-employed people and other urban residents, thus realizing universal medical insurance. Currently, South Korea implements a medical security system in the form of medical insurance and Medicaid. There are four types of medical insurance, namely public education insurance for public teachers, occupational insurance for literary and artistic circles and urban freelancers, regional medical insurance for residents of rural and fishing villages, and factory medical insurance for workers in private enterprises.

South Korea’s medical care industry has embarked on the track of legalization. It has successively formulated the Medical Law, the Medical Insurance Law, the Medical Insurance Law for Civil Servants and Private School Staff, the Medical Technicians Law, and the Law on Special Measures for Health Care in Rural and Fishery Villages.

The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs is the centralized management unit of South Korea’s medical and health care industry. In addition, influential groups in the medical and health care industry are the Korean Red Cross, the Korean Medical Association and the Korean Nursing Association

(2) Medical and health conditions

Due to the improvement of living standards , the proportion of medical expenses in total household expenditures is increasing year by year. From the second half of the 1970s, health insurance and medical assistance became available to most people. On July 1, 1989, the scope of the national medical insurance system was expanded to cover the entire country. From then on, the number of people enjoying medical insurance was 100 of the total population. As of December 1997, there were 55,429 medical institutions participating in the medical insurance system nationwide. In 1998, 95.3% of the population benefited from various types of insurance, and the remaining 4.7% had direct access to medical assistance.

Korea has basically eradicated cholera and meningitis in the early 1980s, and the infection rate of infectious diseases and other diseases has also gradually declined. At present, the mortality rate of children under 4 years old in South Korea has dropped to 2.0‰, reaching the level of more advanced countries.

In 2000, the number of people engaged in the medical industry in South Korea totaled 207,400, including 62,200 doctors, and 32,774 hospitals, including 271 modern large general hospitals. The total number of hospital beds is 209,248.

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