In wireless network security, what are the security flaws of the GSM system?

1. One-way identity authentication cannot prevent attacks from counterfeit network devices.

2. Encryption keys and authentication data are transmitted in clear text, which can easily lead to key leakage.

3. The encryption function does not extend to the core network. For example, user information and signaling information in the transmission links of base stations and base station controllers are transmitted in plain text.

4. The user authentication key is immutable and cannot withstand replay attacks.

5. When users roam, there is no effective connection between the service network and the home network.

6. There is no third-party arbitration institution. When disputes arise between network entities, they cannot be submitted to a third-party arbitration institution.

7. Lack of security upgrade capabilities and security visibility, no prompt is given. in encryption.

8. The encryption and authentication algorithms are not disclosed and the encryption key is too short.