About scientists

In atheism education, Copernicus and Galileo are heroes who bravely defend scientific truth and struggle with the church. Today, after thousands of years of human civilization, let us look back with respect for historical facts!

God created the natural environment for human survival and inspired the truth with the help of nature. On the other hand, God uses the Bible, that is, the word of God, to enlighten mankind. Let's review how human beings deal with these two relations in the process of civilization progress.

First of all, let's briefly introduce several important figures in the history of human science and their world outlook, scientific outlook and beliefs:

Aristotle (384-322 BC, ancient Greece)

world view

It is believed that the universe is spherical with the earth as the center and the earth is static. There are four basic elements in nature: earth, water, air and fire. It is believed that celestial bodies are etheric, round and eternal.

view of science

Put forward four reasons, including material reasons, formal reasons, motivation reasons and purpose reasons. He defined science by "deducing from the first principle through reasoning", and knowledge was formed by the three-stage process of "observation → induction → logical reasoning", so Aristotle was regarded as the father of logic and advocated attaching importance to the purpose of phenomena.

background

At the beginning of civilization, although there were accurate astronomical observation records of Babylonians and decimal arithmetic achievements of Egyptians, it was the Greeks who really pursued knowledge, among which Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were known as "the three sages of Greece". They are two generations of teachers and students, and Aristotle has the greatest influence on later generations. Aristotle's philosophy is all-encompassing, which has become the mainstream thought of 1500 years, and even influenced it to this day.

The ancient Greeks believed in polytheism and practiced city-state politics. Religion in ancient Greece did not interfere in politics, which provided fertile soil for the development of philosophy. However, after the Romans accepted Christianity as the state religion, the ancient Greek religion gradually disappeared.

Copernicus (1473- 1543 pole)

world view

It is pointed out that the sun is the center of the universe and that the earth is moving, not static. He is the author of "On the Operation of Celestial Bodies", "A Brief Discussion" and "On Coinage". The Corinthian Catalogue is the most convenient catalogue, which challenged the Ptolemaic calendar used 300 years ago, paved the way for the reform of Pope Gregory XIII's calendar in 1582, and became the basis of today's calendar. Goethe's greatness lies in that he challenged and shaken the astronomy that ruled mankind 15 centuries under Aristotle's philosophy.

view of science

Copernicus was not an astronomer but a mathematician. His view of the world was not observation, but insight, which was later proved by mathematics. Because the orbit was determined to be circular, it puzzled Goethe all his life, and it was not until later that Kepler discovered it. For the first time, a complete mathematical system was established for the viewpoint that the earth is in motion. Goethe established the starting point for new astronomy and cosmology, and provided conditions for the discovery of Galileo and Kepler. Goethe's works have also become a milestone in the development of modern scientific methods, that is, taking mathematics as the key to understand the universe through the combination of theory and fact.

trust

Copernicus, as a Catholic priest for 40 years, believed that there was no contradiction between Christian belief and science.

Kepler (157 1- 1639 German)

world view

Astronomy revised Copernicus' theory and established the meaning of the sun as the center. For the first time, the phenomenon of celestial bodies was explained by physics, and three laws of planetary motion were discovered, namely, the law of orbit, the law of area and the law of periodicity. The publication of New Astronomy, including detailed mathematical calculus, is a work of genius and a milestone in astronomy. In particular, Kelvin's third law became the starting point for Newton to discover the law of universal gravitation.

view of science

Kepler is also a pioneer of calculus, creating a brand-new scientific method, pursuing quantitative analysis different from previous qualitative and symbolic analysis, and publishing "Cosmic Harmony" and "Overview of Copernican Astronomy".

trust

Kepler is a devout Christian and belongs to a Protestant group in Lutheranism.

Galileo (1564- 1642 Italian)

world view

Galileo discovered four satellites of Saturn with the help of a telescope, thus finding conclusive evidence for Copernicus's "theory of earth motion" and completely denying Aristotle and Ptolemy's "theory of earth motion" which ruled for more than 1000 years. In addition, sunspots, the uneven surface of the moon, Saturn's rings, the profit and loss phenomena of Venus and Mercury, and the vast starry sky of the Milky Way were all discovered by Galileo for the first time. Published "Star Messenger", "Dialogue between Two World Systems-ptolemaic system and Copernicus System" and "Letters about Sunspots".

view of science

Galileo became a watershed between the old and the new science, and traced back to the source. His inspiration mainly has four levels: 1. Reading 2. Experiment 3. The formation of the concept. Copernican theory. Galerkin read predecessors' works, was familiar with the main research results of Aristotle's dynamics, and attached importance to experiments. He not only experimented personally, but also was good at interpreting other people's experiments and designing "thought experiments". He often assumes specific situations, deduces results, and establishes and verifies theories through experiments. The most important contribution of Galerkin's scientific method is to "idealize" the problem, that is, to remove indirect factors and simplify the problem into a basic and necessary form, so that Galerkin can go straight to the core of the problem and develop a simple mathematical theory.

Galerkin disagreed with Aristotle's view on the essence of physical existence, that is, the form is mathematical, and the mathematical theory determines the structure of experimental research. It is believed that "certainty" can only be obtained in mathematics. But it is not pure mathematics, but a combination of physics and mathematics. From the viewpoint of empirical science, Galerkin discovered the law of free fall, the law of inertia, the isochronism of pendulum vibration and the law of parabolic motion. At the same time, he also made many outstanding inventions, such as telescope, pendulum, thermometer and balance. And published the representative work "Discussion and Mathematical Proof of Two New Sciences".

Galileo is called "the father of modern science" because of his outstanding achievements in physics, astronomy and mathematics.

trust

Galileo was a devout Catholic, and it was his saddest thing to be judged as a "major suspect in heresy".

Newton (1643- 1727 Englishman)

world view

Newton described gravity and three laws of motion in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, which laid a scientific view of the physical world for the next three centuries and became the basis of modern engineering. By proving the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravity, it is shown that the motions of objects on the ground and celestial bodies all follow the same laws of nature. Thus, the last doubt about the sun center was eliminated and the scientific revolution was promoted. It also laid the foundation for Newton's mechanical cosmology. The concepts of absolute time and absolute space were put forward. Mechanical cosmology dominated human cosmology for more than 200 years until Einstein established the theory of relativity.

view of science

Newton has made extensive achievements in various fields of science, discovered binomial theorem and calculus method, tangent and series in mathematics, and put forward many concepts in physics, such as particle, inertia, force, gravity, absolute motion and relative motion, three laws of motion and law of universal gravitation, and made important achievements in optics, chemistry and mechanics. Newton was a genius with a wide range of interests and great achievements.

Newton, Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo are all outstanding mathematicians, but unlike Kelvin and Galerkin, Newton did not think that the universe is mathematics, and a theory must be proved by experiments. Newton used induction and repeated argumentation in his research. Characterized by the repeated communication between mathematical concepts and physical reality, he constantly revised his mathematical concepts and guided him to discover the law of universal gravitation. When it is very effective to explain and predict various phenomena by using the law of universal gravitation, gravity is proved to be true. Newton didn't explain the reason of gravity.

trust

Newton was a Christian in the Anglican Church. This great scientist actually spent the rest of his life studying theology, leaving behind a biblical exposition of 654.38+03,000 words. Is a real theist.