What are the sentence types in Chinese?

Structurally, sentences can be divided into simple sentences and complex sentences. A simple sentence consists of a phrase or a word, and a complex sentence consists of two or more clauses (a single sentence without independence). What we generally call "sentence" refers to "single sentence".

Simple sentences can be divided into subject-predicate sentences and non-subject-predicate sentences.

For example, "It will be sunny tomorrow." "The scenery here is beautiful." "Here he comes." It is a subject-predicate sentence.

"good!" "No smoking." Right-wrong subject-predicate sentence.

2. As far as mood is concerned, sentences can be divided into declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences. For example:

A. ideal is a beacon of progress. (declarative sentence)

Where are you going? (interrogative sentence)

C. no smoking! (imperative sentence)

D. What lovely autumn colors! (exclamatory sentence)

Sentence patterns divided from structure are called sentence patterns, and sentence patterns divided from mood are called sentence categories. Sentence patterns and sentence categories are types obtained by dividing sentences from different angles, so a sentence always belongs to these two different types. For example:

A. ideal is a beacon of progress. (subject-predicate sentence, declarative sentence)

Where are you going? (Subject-predicate sentences, interrogative sentences)

C. no smoking! (non-subject-predicate sentence, imperative sentence)

D. What lovely autumn colors! (Non-subject-predicate sentence, exclamatory sentence)

E. You are really something! (Subject-predicate sentence, exclamatory sentence)

Third, the single sentence mode

Simple sentences can be divided into subject-predicate sentences and non-subject-predicate sentences.

(A) the subject-predicate sentence

A sentence composed of subject-predicate structure is called a subject-predicate sentence.

1. Noun predicate sentence

A sentence with a noun as its predicate is called a noun predicate sentence. There are fewer cases where nouns act as predicates alone, and more cases are nominal structures. For example:

A. it's cloudy today. Tomorrow is the Mid-Autumn Festival.

C. Lu Xun is from Zhejiang. D. Jiangxi, the abbreviation of Jiangxi Province.

E. two and a half Jin of pork. His two sons.

G. this novel was published last year. He has a round face and big eyes.

First, Lao Li has a good eye.

2. Verb predicate sentence

Sentences with verbal words as predicates are called verb-predicate sentences. For example:

A. did he go? (single verb as predicate)

I like this gorgeous autumn color. (Verb-object structure as predicate)

C. She hurriedly told me to go to Moon Lake and land here. (Double-object structure as predicate)

D. he made it very clear. (verb-complement structure as predicate)

E. Shui Sheng set out from Beijing yesterday. (Verb structure as predicate)

3. Adjective predicate sentence

Sentences with adjectives as predicates are called adjective predicate sentences. For example:

A.it's cold in winter and hot in summer. B. The voice is crisp and loud.

C.this young man is very strong. D. The wheat in the field is green.

E. his academic performance is very good. F. The time and conditions are ripe.

G. Lao Li was too happy to speak.

4. Subject-predicate predicate sentence

A sentence with subject-predicate structure as its predicate is called a subject-predicate sentence. For example:

A.he can't write a word. B.i've eaten everything.

C. China people are not afraid of death. D. I didn't sleep a wink all night

E. we have also been to Shanghai. This difficulty is bound to be overcome.

G. I have never been to Beijing. H. Not many people apply for this major.

I think your statement is a bit one-sided. I have read many articles by Lu Xun.

K. Lushan Mountain has beautiful scenery. In this film, the heroine is Liu Xiaoqing.

M (short for meter) his attitude and attitude. The children's hearts have flown to the zoo.

There are five people in class O.A.P., and each of his children is better than the other.

Q: They don't talk to anyone. We must take a positive attitude towards this problem.

South emerging frontier science, his interest is very strong.

T. on-site management, he is very experienced. You got the highest score in this competition.

5. Elliptic sentences in subject-predicate sentences

A. Go to Beijing (ellipsis, omitting the subject "I")

B.go ahead! (ellipsis, omitting the subject "you")

(2) Non-subject-predicate sentence (unowned sentence)

A non-subject-predicate sentence is a sentence composed of a single word or other structures other than subject-predicate structure. It can be divided into three types: nouns, verbs and adjectives.

1. Nominal non-subject-predicate statements, such as:

A. miss Wang! (greeting)

B. spring. Dalongxugou (background description)

C. tickets! (indicating command)

D. what a beautiful scenery! (admiration)

E. a whistle. (indicating the presentation of things)

2. Verbal non-subject-predicate sentences, such as:

A. the sun is out. (Explain natural phenomena)

Someone is looking for you. (Explain what happened)

C. Happy birthday to you! (expressing wishes)

D. it is forbidden to climb flowers and trees. (indicating prohibition)

E. thank you! (Show respect)

3. Adjectives are not subject-predicate sentences, such as:

A. great! (indicating evaluation)

B.how beautiful! (expressing exclamation)

C.all right! (expressing agreement)

4. exclamatory sentences and onomatopoeic words can also form non-subject-predicate sentences, such as

"alas!" "ouch!" "Wow" and "Boom!" .

Note: ellipsis is not a non-subject-predicate sentence. Elliptic sentences omit some elements because of the help of language environment (including context); The omitted components are certain, and if you want to supplement them, you can supplement them accurately. The non-subject-predicate sentence itself is complete and does not need to add any elements to understand. For example:

A. no smoking! The non-subject-predicate sentence itself is complete, and there is no need to add a subject to understand it. Even if you want to add a subject, you can't make it up accurately. )

Do not smoke. (Elliptic sentences can add the subject "you" accurately)

C.it's sunny! (Non-subject-predicate sentence, the meaning of the sentence itself is very complete, and there is no need to add any components)

D. how dare you! (same as above)

Fourth, the composition of single sentences.

In order to simplify the content of syntactic components, usually only the subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and complement are mentioned. These six syntactic components are the phrase component in the phrase and the sentence component in the sentence.

(1) theme

Theme type.

The subject indicates the object of the statement and can answer questions such as "who" and "what". From the semantic relationship, the subject can be the agent, patient, tool, scope, time and place of the action. For example:

He ate watermelon, and the watermelon was eaten by him.

That basket can only hold cabbage (tools). He is experienced.

There has been a picture hanging on the wall before.

Judging from the constituent materials, the subject can be a noun word or a verb word.

The most common thing is that noun words (especially nouns) act as subjects. For example:

A.the teacher will come soon. B. The people of China have their own national pride and pride.

C.i borrowed a tape recorder. Three people are sitting on a stool.

E.nine is three times as much as three. One catty is equal to twelve catties.

②

Secondly, verbal words are subjects, and their predicates are generally adjectives or phrases composed of non-action verbs such as "Shi" and "Shi". For example:

A.it is easier said than done. B.it is not easy to drive.

C. cleanliness is the most important thing. It is necessary to insist on speaking English.

E. modesty is a virtue. Modesty makes people progress, while pride makes people lag behind.

③ Time subject and place subject.

Time nouns and place nouns can also be used as subjects, just like ordinary personal nouns (including pronouns, the same below). For example:

A. Xiao Wang went to Shenzhen.

A new teacher came yesterday.

C.this room can accommodate ten people.

(2) Predicate

Predicate and subject are relative. They are used to state the subject and can answer questions such as "how" or "what". Judging from the constituent materials, the predicate is both verbal and adjective. The most common is that verbal words act as predicates. For example:

A. The meeting began (verb predicate) B. The chairman made a report (verb predicate)

The autumn harvest is coming to an end (verb predicate) D. We beat the enemy out of the water (verb predicate)

Everyone sat in front of the stage to watch the performance. We elected him as our representative.

G. This wine is very strong (adjective predicate) H. It is dry in the north and humid in the south (adjective predicate).

Nouns, numerals, quantifiers, some pronouns and noun-centered radical phrases act as predicates, which are generally affirmative. For example:

A.he is from Guangdong. This room has three doors.

C.today is Wednesday. D. he is cheeky

E. that soldier is very tall. F. There are only two books per person.

G. he is only twenty years old. There are only three doors in this room.

(3) Object

The type of the object.

The object is the dominant component of the predicate verb and can answer questions such as "who/what". On behalf of patients, agents, results, places, tools, etc. An action. The object is a component that expresses people or things after the verb component, and can answer questions like "who/what". The object is opposite to the verb component. Semantically, the object can be the patient, agent, tool, place and result of the action. For example:

A.he reads English.

B: I have a guest at home.

C.he wrote a brush (tool)

D. I live on the fourth floor.

E. blaise pascal invents computers (achievements)

A transitive verb can take all kinds of objects, such as "playing", such as "playing basketball, playing defense, playing the attacker, playing jet lag, playing the Olympic Games, playing the Beijing team, playing the finals, playing the world champion" and so on. Many of them are difficult to name.

A. I like English and like learning English.

B. Love books and be lively

C.he is worried about an accident.

D. study how to organize the work.

E. approve of his practice and a spring outing to Huangshan Mountain.

F. Start a new life and start classes

2. Double objects

Double object refers to a predicate with two objects, which are called direct object (near object) and indirect object (far object) respectively. Double object consists of direct object and indirect object.

The double object generally refers to the former person, which is called the near object, while the latter refers to the thing, which is called the distant object. For example, "she teaches us math", "we" are near things, and "math" is far things. Verbs with double objects such as "ask, teach, owe, pay, rent, give, send, give, compensate, award, inform, inquire, weigh, scold and entrust".

He gave me a pen.

The old man told us a story yesterday.

He divided some money among the shop assistants.

I sent her a bunch of flowers.

Xiao Wang told us that the train will leave at nine tomorrow morning.

Consolidation exercise:

Judge whether the following sentences are special double-object sentences.

I borrowed two books from the library. ( )

I asked him for a piece of paper. ( )

The accountant charged me money from 30 yuan. ( )

Lao Li rented a room in the hotel. ( )

Judgment method: See if the near object is the attribute of the far object, if it is an attribute, it is not a double object, and vice versa.

(d) Supplementary

Complement is a supplementary component of verbal words, indicating the meaning of "how" or "how long", or the degree of expression, often headed by "de"

65438+

Semantically, complement can be the result, tendency, modality, quantity and so on of verb components.

(1) result complement

Listen and drink.

Write and have a look

(2) Directional Complement

Send send pass pass

Climb up the hill and run downstairs to the zoo.

Take out a pen, take out a pen

Note: "get up" and "go down" are used after predicates, sometimes they don't indicate trends, but indicate the start or continuation of an action or state respectively. For example:

Talk about being cold, fat and thin

(3) Modal complement

Tell me about it

Tired of climbing

The work has been finished, and you have experience, so you must do it.

(4) Quantitative complement

The quantity representing action is influenced by momentum structure and time structure, which are called momentum compensation and time compensation respectively. For example:

Look, smash and chop.

I waited for that dress to hang outside.

I came to Tianjin. Yes.

(5) Degree Complement

After predicates (mainly adjectives and verbs expressing psychological activities), the degree of expression can be divided into two categories:

A "extreme, thorough, excessive, dead" and other words are generally used without "de", and "le" must be added later:

Okay, good.

B those with "de" are generally expressed by words such as "very, many, panic, serious, fatal, dying, no, extremely, extremely". For example:

Chaos is too lazy, boring, painful, itchy and scared.

Sleepy, busy and happy

In addition, verbs can form complementary structures with "lai", "bu lai", "de", "de" or "bu". For example:

Gather tight and solve it. Let's go. Let's go.

2. The difference between quantitative structure as complement and object.

The quantitative structure can be used as both a complement and an object. The differences are as follows:

Object represents the quantity of things, complement represents momentum, object or complement represents the quantity of time, but object represents time and complement represents period.

(1) saw his one eye ("glance" as a language, semantically points to "look")

② Three eyes were dug in the well ("three eyes" as a language means "well").

(3) bought five new books ("five books" as a language, meaning points to "new books")

(4) I bought the new book twice ("twice" as a language means "buy")

(5) I get off work at eight o'clock ("eight o'clock" is the time point, as a language)

6. I waited for eight hours ("eight hours" is a time period, as a language)

⑦ Work until midnight ("midnight" here refers to midnight, which is time, as a language).

I work in the middle of the night ("midnight" here means "half a night", which is a time period, as a language)

(5) Attribute

Attributive is used to modify, limit and explain the nature and characteristics of nouns or pronouns. Attributive is used before subject or object, often with "de", indicating "who", "what" and "how much". The component opposite to the property is the property header. There are four situations in which attributives modify the head language:

First, the definition of the prefix can generally be called "restrictive attribute". For example:

(3) from the magazine (person) of Student (Science) Pictorial that you subscribed to this year.

Secondly, the description of head language is generally called "descriptive attribute". For example:

(How happy) family (purple) skirt (vigorous) people (noble) sentiment (ordinary) things.

Third, it can be called "possessive attributive" to express the possessive relationship. For example:

(His) Pen (My) Dad (Library) Book (Lao Li) House

Fourthly, the semantic relationship between attribute and head language is special. For example:

His handwriting is very good. Bill speaks Chinese fluently.

He didn't help (us) Don't make fun of (Lao Li).

Attachment: Arrangement order of multiple attributes:

Multilayer attributives are generally arranged according to their close relationship with the head language, and the closer the relationship is, the closer it is to the head language. The order of multi-layer attributives from far to near is generally:

(1) table (whose)

(2) time and place (time and place)

(3) demonstrative pronouns or quantitative phrases (several, which one)

(4) Verbs and verb phrases (what do they mean)

⑤ Adjectives and adjective phrases (what kind)

⑥ Noun (what) representing nature.

▲ Mouth formula: lead the times to move the real name.

But it can't be completely copied mechanically, and it should be adjusted at any time according to the context.

▲ The following attributes are out of order, please restore to the original position. The correct order is:

(1) Newly assigned (2) Chinese Department (3) Female (4) The one with glasses (5).

1.25 143 teacher

His sister bought the blue woolen cloth last year.

2.324① or 342① coat

Yesterday morning, I sent two letters from Beijing, which I received.

3.2 1534 thank-you note

Those people in black suits at the door.

4.②①③ Students

(1) Glory (2) These people (3) HQ (4) participated in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.

5.③②④① Veterans

① Excellent ② Players with more than 20 years' teaching experience ④ National team ⑤ Women ⑤ Basketball.

6.432 16⑤ Coach

(6) Adverbial

Adjectives are attached to the front of the predicate head, which is a joint component in front of verbs or adjectives. Used to modify and restrict verbs or adjectives, indicating the state, manner, time, place, condition, object, affirmation, negation, scope, degree or tone of action. For example:

He's gone. (time)

Goodbye (Beijing). (Premises)

(3) Singing brings Mr. Wang into deep memories. (object)

(4) Science [finally defeated theocracy with great irresistible force]. (mode)

⑤ Company commander [smile] introduction (modality)

6. Mao Zedong likes General Peng Xuefeng [very much]. (degree)

⑦ The most dazzling national style [all] is a cartoon we once read when we were young! (scope)

⑧ The Dream Chaser in the Red Chamber (A Dream of Red Mansions) has been possessed. (object)

Pet-name ruby treasure island of Taiwan Province Province will [will] return to the embrace of the motherland. (affirmative)

Attending why Jia Baoyu likes Lin Daiyu. (tone)

Attachment: The sequence of adverbials:

Generally speaking, the order of multiple adverbials is much more flexible than that of multiple attributes. We can only sum up a general order:

(1) Preposition phrase indicating time.

(2) Prepositional phrases indicating purpose or reason.

(3) Surface prepositional phrases.

(4) Preposition phrases (adverbs) expressing mood

⑤ Expressive words

⑥ Prepositional phrases indicating objects are generally immediately before the head word.

Yesterday, for Xiao Li, I was in the office with the leader.

Yesterday, for Xiao Li's sake, I had another serious talk with the leader of the office.

Fifth, the special structure of modern Chinese sentences.

(a) Verb sentences (see the verb phrases above for details)

A connecting phrase consists of two or more verbs or verbs and adjectives or verbs and subject-predicate phrases. There is no semantic pause or related word between several words, which is characterized in that two predicates used together use the same subject.

Connective phrases have several common structures:

The first is the use of verbs.

Shui Sheng pointed to her father's small room and told her to keep her voice down. "

Teacher Zhang thought with a frown.

The second is the use of verbs and adjectives.

I am glad to read your letter.

(2) A Q was envious.

The third is the use of verbs and subject-predicate phrases.

Bai Ru tilted his head with a smile.

The fourth is the use of subject-predicate phrases and verb words.

He is dumb and can't speak. "

(2) Concurrent statement (see previous concurrent statement for details)

A concurrent sentence refers to a sentence in which the concurrent sentence acts as a predicate or forms a sentence independently. Concurrent sentence feature

First, the predicate of a concurrent sentence consists of a verb-object phrase nested with a subject-predicate phrase, and the object of the verb-object phrase also acts as the subject of the subject-predicate phrase.

Second, most concurrent sentences have the meaning of imperative sentences, so the first predicate in the sentence is mostly acted as imperative verbs. Common imperative verbs are: make, make, call, send, command, command, ban, request, election, teach, advise and call. In addition, the preceding predicate can also be the word "you".

Thirdly, the predicate (the second verb) of the concurrent sentence is the purpose or result of the previous action, that is, the two verbs before and after the concurrent sentence are semantically related.

The soldiers forced the enemy to lay down their weapons.

We elected him monitor.

Someone is talking in the room.

She named her daughter Sasha.

I think this dress is too fancy.

Thank you for telling me a good news.

Thank you for helping me repair my bike.

Sentence component formula

The basic component is subject, predicate and object, and the joint component is definite complement. Attribute must precede subject and object, the former is a form and the latter is a complement.

Preposition adverbial can be reset when the meaning remains the same. Complement can only be said to be first, and attribute can only be collocated with post-object.

Object-object phrases have various forms and cannot be used as object-subject predicates. Positioning is complementary, and language symbols determine right and wrong.

The order of general complete sentence components is:

(adverbial) subject (adverbial) predicate (complement) (attribute) object

[Objective Time] [Modifying Subject] [Modifying Predicate] [Supplementing Predicate] [Modifying Object]