800-word biographies of celebrities

His health is getting worse. Since 1928 was seriously ill in May, tuberculosis and pleurisy have been haunting him. He often has a fever and a cough. At first, he could suppress it by taking medicine, but later he couldn't. 1in the late autumn of 934, his low fever lasted for a month. People are getting thinner and thinner, their cheekbones are prominent, and even their gums are deformed, which can't match the original dentures, so they have to ask a doctor to correct them. 1936 In the spring, his weight dropped to 38kg, and he walked in the street in a cotton robe, as if a gust of wind could blow him down. Once at a friend's party, Smedley, an American journalist who had little contact with him, intuitively found that his health was very bad. She invited one of the best lung experts in Shanghai at that time to make a diagnosis. After careful examination, American doctors look very serious. He said that Lu Xun's lung disease was very serious. If he had been a European, he would have died five years ago, which made Smedley cry on the spot. By this summer, he didn't even have the strength to accompany his guests to finish a meal. A Japanese friend Masuda made a special trip from Japan to visit his illness, so he invited Masuda to have lunch with him. However, he managed to eat a little, stood up and said, "I'm tired. I'll go upstairs and have a rest." Take your time ",that is, Xu Guangping helped him walk slowly upstairs. Leave Masuda alone and fall into uncontrollable anxiety and sadness.

Aging is not only a physiological phenomenon, but also a psychological phenomenon. With the deterioration of health, Lu Xun's psychological weakness is becoming more and more obvious. He is increasingly dependent on material living conditions. China people have always opposed the concept of ease and self-improvement, and Mencius' famous saying "Heaven will fall on the Sri Lankan people ..." is a classic expression of this concept. It was not until Zhang Taiyan, Lu Xun's teacher, wrote "On the Disadvantages of Learning" that he asserted: "All scholars attach importance to their hard work, and then they can do difficult things, and their morality is solid." This set of thoughts has a great influence on Lu Xun. When he was in Beijing, he often said that single people could not live a comfortable life. If life is too comfortable, work will get tired of life. Therefore, before living with Xu Guangping, he was always interested in living a Puritan life. In winter, his bed is only padded with a thin cotton mattress, and he never buys a second-class soft sofa. Although there are specific reasons for his untidiness in daily life and not wearing cotton trousers in winter, this concept of thrift and moral practice is obviously a deeper foundation. However, since I arrived in Shanghai, under the careful care of Xu Guangping's hands, his absurd ideas will inevitably be shaken. With the growth of age and the decline of health, young people's love for sex is gradually weakening, and his refusal to material enjoyment is bound to soften day by day. Whenever a farmer entertains guests, there are five or six dishes on the table, which are steaming and full of fragrance. When he pours a cup of strong yellow wine, his expression will immediately become cheerful. Although he occasionally said with chopsticks, "Life will be very weak like this", his pleasant attitude in speaking has exposed the literal disguise of this sentence. In fact, he has always enjoyed this enjoyment and is willing to "weaken" immediately. Later, he also began to change his mind. Once chatting with a friend, he criticized a passage in Zhang Taiyan's Saving Learning from Disadvantages: "This job is really good, but it is impossible for students not to admire the beauty of western things, but to be alert to their innate wildness and clumsiness. Because this is a good thing ",with his clever mind, who would have thought that he was so paranoid in this respect? Until the body is extremely weak, the body's drag on will is getting heavier and heavier. Give up the attitude of inviting Christians to live! Of course, only by giving up passively can he have considerable dependence on the current material life. Once you find that this life may change, you will feel panic inside. You must remember that when he fell in love with Xu Guangping, he felt guilty about her sacrifice, but by this time, he forgot about it. On one occasion, several friends encouraged Xu Guangping to participate in social activities, and Xu Guangping was heartbroken and seemed to want to say yes. He actually lowered his face in front of the agitator and said, "Guangping, don't go out!" " He doesn't know the truth of equality between men and women, and he doesn't know Xu Guangping's character of being enthusiastic about social activities. She will feel suffocated if she is allowed to take care of his life at home all day. However, he can't live without the care of women, and he can't fill the gap in Xu Guangping's life after he left home alone. I think this time he stopped Xu Guangping's rude attitude, which made his unconscious psychological weakness clear.

Since his youth, Lu Xun has been playing a role that others depend on. However, now that he has become a dependent, it is naturally difficult to maintain his original role. In the early thirties, he didn't feel this clearly. He talked about his new life with his wife and children, and his tone was quite confident: "I originally wanted to live alone, because if I had children, I would care about life. But now that my mind is mature, I think I should live like this. " But soon he felt at a loss. For example, economically, the burden on his shoulders was so heavy that he repeatedly lamented that he had not accumulated enough money before. He felt even more miserable, and it was really hard to be greeted around like this, helping the old and bringing up the young. At first, he criticized China people, saying that they can only have children, but not raise them. Now that he has his own son facing the sea, he will naturally pay special attention to his growth. In order to encourage the child's nature, he even goes against his will to meet the sea. But he only has a little living space. He didn't provoke his mother in the past, but now he has to provoke his son. The only thing that can irritate him is his own will. This naturally upset him, so while he worked hard for his dutiful son and father, he couldn't help complaining: "It is really a great pain to bear the burden of family life. I have been stuck in this matter for most of my life, so that I gave birth to another child the year before last, and my responsibility is even more uncertain." Because the new burden was unbearable, he even resented the old one. Once his mother complained to him about this family, and he wrote back in a rather fierce tone: "In fact, the traditional family lifestyle is still above average in terms of the difficulty of life now. If you can't understand each other and make a fuss, it will really make people embarrassed. " He also spread this dissatisfaction to public articles. In the preface of the book Pseudo-Freedom, he described why he contributed to the column of Free Talk. With a change of pen, he turned out the old work that thought losing his mother was not a bad thing: "My view has always been that if he has a loving mother, he is still happy, but if he was born without a mother, it is not entirely unfortunate. He may become a braver and more bold person." In the spring of 1935, even his mother wanted to live in Shanghai for a while, and he felt very troublesome. He complained to his friend, "Soon, my mother will come, which will leave me no place to write quietly.". The family system in China is really troublesome, that is, one person has the most relationships and is often not his own. " 10 Of course, just as he announced that he would quit the battlefield, he continued to shout. Now he is complaining, but he continues to bear the burden of his relatives. Many of his complaints and dissatisfaction are just lip service, but when you think about it, Jing didn't really unload all these burdens from his shoulders. However, he has been unable to resolve this unbearable bitterness in his heart. He often relies on venting to keep his psychological balance. Can't you see from this side that his endurance is weakening and his psychological elasticity is disappearing?

When the spirit loses its elasticity, the temper will get worse and worse. He has never been a peaceful man, but now he is more angry. 1935 and 1936, he reprimanded this group of people in the "Left Alliance" and criticized other scholars and young people he didn't like. His words are often so extreme, and his expression is often so decisive, which shows how much his rational self-control ability has faded. Especially at home, he is more likely to lose control. He couldn't help getting angry with Xu Guangping. More often, he sulked alone, even lying on the balcony floor, ignoring people for a long time. Once in correspondence with a friend, he publicly vented his dissatisfaction with Xu Guangping: "Even the children come to make trouble, and few people come to get it ..."11I think if he could control his anger, he wouldn't want to show such an old-fashioned face. In his later years, the spiritual communication between him and Xu Guangping seemed to be weakened, and their dissatisfaction with each other gradually developed. This is also an important reason, but they are different in age, intelligence and temperament. His spirit lost its elasticity in his later years, and some pathological tendencies in his personality became increasingly obvious. Society is dark, and the scene at home is so bad. His mood is getting worse every day. Please read his letter to a Japanese friend in 1935: "Shanghai has entered the rainy season and the weather is bad. We are still healthy, but I lose weight every year. As I get older, my life becomes more and more tense, so I can't think about it. Many of my friends also suggested that I take a rest for a year or two, but I couldn't. ..... The previous letter mentioned the kingdom of heaven. In fact, I hate the kingdom of heaven. I generally hate good people in China, and it is unimaginable to get along with such people all day. " Almost every word of this passage, 12, exudes resentment and anger. Even if it is a joke, it is still heavy. It seems that everything he thinks is so boring and disgusting that nothing in the world can comfort him. A month later, he said more openly: "At this time, you must be in a bad mood." 13 even takes it for granted.

With such a bad mood in my heart, my attitude towards the world is naturally extreme. Since 1935, his works have advocated hatred more and more. From "Literati should not be easy-going; ..... He must attack mistakes like an enthusiastic landlord. From 14 to 14, he can kill, live, hate, love, live and write. 15' s tone became more and more intense until he said, "If my flesh and blood should be fed to animals, I would rather feed liger Falcon, but I won't give it at all." Even when judging the personnel in history, he often praised the "hateful" side. He thinks that Tao Yuanming is just an idle person who "picks chrysanthemums under the hedge and sees Nanshan leisurely". Obviously, he has the expression that "there is always a fierce will". He also asserted that the spiritual legacy left by Zhang Taiyan to future generations was mainly not the achievements in primary school, but Yuan Shikai's prestige in using the medallion as a fan pendant. He even urged revenge: "Even if the oppressed have no intention of revenge, they will never be afraid of revenge. Only those murderers who secretly suck blood and eat meat and their helpers can leave people with the motto of' Don't go to school if you commit a crime' or' Don't miss old evils'. -I see through the secrets of these people more and more this year! "17 is simply gnashing her teeth. He has experienced numerous bullying and persecution in his life, and his dislike of society and the world is bound to increase gradually. However, whenever possible, he always suppresses his disgust and tries to believe and embrace life. You can say that most of his energy is spent on this kind of self-explanation and encouragement. However, now that he is old, it is difficult for him to have the heart to suppress disgust. His psychological balance will inevitably tilt and his disgust will swell sharply. 1936 September, he wrote: "When Europeans die, they often hold a ceremony to ask others to forgive and forgive themselves. I have many enemies. If a new type of person invites me, what should I say? After careful consideration, I have decided that if they are dissatisfied with this, I will not forgive any of them. "18 A person is willing to leave this world with a lot of resentment, and his despair and disgust for this world cannot be solved.

Lu Xun is very sensitive to his aging. In the first few years of living with Xu Guangping, this almost became a taboo topic for him. 1928, Feng Naichao wrote an article criticizing him. He didn't pay much attention to criticism itself, but when he saw the words "Lu Xun's old student" in Feng Naichao's article, it was actually planted by mistake, but he was very angry and thought it was a deliberate satire on him. For a long time, he has been bitter. A group of young people in Zhou Yang called him "the old man" behind his back, but the result reached his ears and caused him a very strong reaction. He doesn't even want to listen to others talk about his illness. He thinks this kind of talk is a hint of his aging. "More hints will inevitably have some impact." 19 might as well not listen at all. However, whether taboo or unwilling to listen, aging itself will not stop. It develops day by day and manifests itself in all aspects of his life, forcing him to admit it. Therefore, despite his strong self-confidence, he refused to admit the seriousness of his illness to others, but he knew very well that his life was coming to an end. 1936 in may, he took Qu Qiubai's posthumous work "the forest at sea" newly printed in Tokyo and said to Xu Guangping, "China didn't publish this book so carefully. Although it's to commemorate Why (Qu Qiubai's pseudonym), it's actually to commemorate me. "At the age of 20, he consciously or unconsciously revealed a sense of foreboding in his heart.

When a person consciously approaches the end of the road of life, it is inevitable that he will look back from time to time to see the road he has traveled. Lu Xun's temper has always been very special. When he loses confidence in the future and is confused about reality, the enthusiasm for shouting will fade and nostalgia will surely come to mind. In the mid-1920s, his inner "ghostly spirit" broke out, and a group of reminiscence essays named "Morning Flowers and Evening Picks" appeared. Now that ten years have passed, he has once again plunged into the arms of nothingness, and the temptation of the past is naturally stronger. Of course, his motivation to look back on the past is not as simple as it was ten years ago. He is not only eager to fill the void after losing faith, but also eager to carry out painful liquidation in the future. 1June, 933, he ate his favorite food as a child as an adult, but he felt that the taste was not as good as before. He said with emotion: "The taste of things may not necessarily go backwards, but when I am old, the organization is declining, and taste buds are no exception." This is almost a replica of the "introduction" of "morning flowers and evening flowers", but the mood is much lower and more depressed; He then took "Kaleidoscope" as an example, saying that compared with fifty years ago, "Kaleidoscope has obviously regressed a lot", and 2 1 seemed to overturn the previous lament, which not only made him old, but also made the world worse and worse, showing the unique stimulus of aging to his nostalgia. It was probably at this time that he decided to write another set of reminiscence prose similar to "Morning Flowers and Evening Picks".

However, it is precisely because the writing plan of this group of essays comes from his awareness of his aging that he didn't really start writing until 1936, when the end of the road of life was clearly presented to him. From February to April this year, as long as he can get out of the hospital bed, he works hard. My first master, This is life, Death and Female Hanging have written four articles in one go. He wrote two other books with his heart, one about "maternal love", describing the great and blind maternal love he suffered all his life; Another article talked about "poverty" and showed how he changed from the Puritan concept that "poverty is good" to the later belief that "poverty is not good". I think a single team has written a chapter and drafted a chapter, and you can also see how different this group of essays is from "morning flowers and evening flowers". Most of the articles in Morning Flowers and Evening Picking Up are pure homesickness. Although they are always mixed with realistic inducement, some places still smell of essays, but the general meaning can be classified as the so-called "homesickness" and "old meaning" in the introduction. This group of memories he has now naturally has this meaning, such as My First Master and My Lady hanged herself, as well as many descriptions in the chapters about maternal love, which can be regarded as chewing the old meaning. However, this is a chapter about poverty, but I'm afraid Lu Xun couldn't write it when he wrote Flowers in the Morning. This is his summary of his life, his feeling when he is about to reach the end, and his reckless judgment of the world through the shield of death. If he hadn't come this far, he wouldn't.

The title of "This is Life" is intriguing. What kind of life is this? He wrote:

Four or five nights after my connecting flight, I woke up and woke up.

Guangping.

"Give me some water to drink. Turn on the light and show me.

Go and have a look. "

"Why? ..... "Her voice panicked, probably thinking of something.

I'm being silly.

"Because I want to live. You got it? This is also life. I want:

It looks worth seeing. Take a look. "

"Oh …" She came over, gave me some tea and stayed for a while.

The next morning, I lay down gently again and didn't turn on the light.

I know she doesn't understand me.

The street lamp shone through the window, and the stars in the room looked dim. I took a look.

A familiar wall, a ridge at the end of the wall, a pile of familiar books, and the open face of this pile of books.

A collection of paintings, the night going on outside, the endless distance, and countless people.

Ladies and gentlemen, this is all for me. I exist, I live, and I will live.

After leaving, I began to feel more practical, and I had the desire to move-

But soon I fell asleep again. He finally understood life, or he finally believed his own understanding of life. Since studying in Japan, he has always despised "such a life" intellectually. Country, society, nation, enlightenment, struggle, resistance to autocracy and singing about the future, even despair and depression, silence and nothingness all point to goals other than individuals, despair of "them", forced silence of "them" and nothingness seen through "them". "Familiar walls, familiar piles of books ... these, in peacetime, I often look at them, which is actually a kind of rest. But we have always despised these things. Although they are part of life, they are ranked under the itch of drinking tea, or they are nothing at all. " Why is there such a choice? Isn't it because his mind is already full of all kinds of stimuli from "them" and all kinds of concerns about "Xuanyuan"? He has been making contributions to society and the country all his life. Just when he thought he was shrinking in his personal world, he was actually trapped by some external value. His contribution to society is only those articles and thoughts. He clearly handed over almost all his personal life, as well as all those personal experiences and life tastes! So, after reading his feelings at the moment, I really don't know what to say. He finally realized that fortunately, at the same time and later, how many people lived all their lives, but there was no such understanding at all. However, he didn't realize until now, was it too late? He was introduced into this understanding by nihilism, and the guide itself did not allow him to learn the joy of life from this understanding. If it is in others, such understanding may open a new world of life. However, in Lu Xun's view, this kind of understanding seems to mean only a deep doubt about the past life choices and an involuntary contraction of the spirit. It is quite clear that Zhou Zuoren said that he "turned to nihilism again" in his later years. Compared with the situation of talking about "vanity" and "fishy" ten years ago, his understanding of "such a life" now really shows the depth of his nihilism. He is not denying everything now, but affirming everything. In a sense, such affirmation is irretrievable nihilism.

The end of the road of life is death, and Lu Xun just takes it as a topic. The most disturbing thing about death is that it shows indifference to death from beginning to end. He used such a teasing style to talk about the plans of the poor, the rich and the rich for death. Sometimes he is a little angry, but the irony is even stronger. He said that he is one of the "casual parties" and has rarely considered death; He described in such a relaxed tone how the doctor diagnosed him as "dying": he also wrote such a will, almost every one of which showed the meaning of seeing through life; Since he has seen through life, it naturally includes death, so in the end he made various assumptions and estimates about his feelings when he died, as if he had no scruples about the feelings of readers and only talked to himself. No matter who you are, death is always a terrible thing. Therefore, people always avoid it or try to transform it. The desire of the poor to be reborn and the graves built by the rich in advance are one of the ways to transform it. However, Lu Xun used this novel Death to show a very special attitude: he stood there talking about his own death without avoiding it or trying to transform it, as if he were interested in it. He seems really interested. This book Death has just been published. He went to visit a Japanese friend named Lu Digen. His first sentence when he entered the door was, "Have you read my Death?" He and Ludwig have been talking about death all morning, from ghosts in China to Japanese ghosts, from suicide to ghosts. They are full of enthusiasm and talk nonstop. He once said in an essay: "If you think about the joy of life, of course you can miss it;" But if you think about the bitterness of life, impermanence is not necessarily a bad guest. " Seeing him talk about death so enthusiastically, I can't help feeling that he doesn't regard "death" as an evil guest. He walked so hard all his life that he became more nervous and bored in his later years. Not only does he see no hope for the future, but his eyes are full of disgusting personnel. Even his own life struggle seems to be of little value: if he is in this state of mind, if he thinks that "death" will come soon, will he have some ideas of "finally being free"? A young friend read this book "Death" and said to him, "You write too sadly", but he replied, "I have no choice but to write like this." When he had a premonition that the end of his life was coming, he didn't have much fear, and even his anxiety was not strong. This is his mental state, and he can only write like this. I wonder how Xu Guangping felt after reading this article "Death". I'm afraid nothing can show a person's weak desire for survival better than this "casual" attitude towards death, which can be said to be an interesting death talk. Lu Xun will write such reminiscence prose, and all those who really love and understand him will be unable to help crying.

There are more obvious signs. Lu Xun's life is based on writing. Whenever he sits at his desk in the dead of night, he will be like a high-speed machine, and every cell in his body will be active. At this time, Vince became the most important expression of his vitality, and his writing style became the most accurate annotation of his physical and psychological state.

In my opinion, in Lu Xun's literary thoughts and styles, the most vivid sense of humor is the nature that can show its vitality. Whether reading his public articles or his private letters, whenever I meet those humorous words, I can't help laughing, as if I saw his sly expression when writing these words with my own eyes, and even remembered his naughty appearance when playing tricks on that sly classmate in the three pools reflecting the moon. Therefore, even if he is in a serious predicament, as long as humorous words can still flow from his pen, it always shows that his mood is still calm and the harsh environment cannot crush his soul. At least in the world of words, he can maintain a condescending mentality. However, since the early 1930s, there has been less and less humor in his personal letters. Especially after 1934, you rarely read such lively and interesting letters as his letter to Zhang Tingqian on1March 5, 929. It seems that communication is already a burden for him. He just wrote, sealed and mailed the letter in a hurry, and he could no longer enjoy writing with friends and friends calmly. Then his prose, from this time on, they gradually lost the meaning of ridicule and humor as before. Although the pen is still sharp and the attack is still powerful, without the humorous background, the momentum is much weaker. In his three collections of essays about Street Pavilion, there are fewer and fewer chapters that can still express a trace of humor in generate, such as Cao Liu with an undetermined title and Guan Yu.

In particular, the words in "Essays on Street Pavilion Not Edited" will make every careful reader feel sad. Whether describing the past or criticizing the reality, whether it is a slightly long essay or a short and pithy essay, the author's style of writing seems to have been exhausted, and the words often seem a little dry, and the connection between paragraphs always seems stiff, even between the previous sentence and the next sentence, sometimes giving you a feeling of being crude. His complicated feelings are getting shorter and shorter. Copy a paragraph from the newspaper and send a few regrets and comments. It is rare to see the momentum and brushwork of the original vertical pen. Lu Xun seems to have only one breath, which is not enough to support him to write a long article. If you come across a big topic, such as "this is life", "death" and "the second or third thing of Mr. Goose", you must write a little longer, and you will often appear out of touch and lack strong control and attention. As for "two or three things that Mr. Taiyan remembers", it is even more rambling, almost thinking all the way, writing whatever comes to mind, and it is really impossible to finish because of illness. The writing style of "On Essays" is vigorous and sophisticated, but beyond this vigorous and sophisticated, there is obviously the dryness of literary thinking and the exhaustion of literary spirit.

A writer is really old when he shows his age in his article.

19361October 18 in the early morning, Lu Xun had a sudden attack of asthma. Until dawn, I still wrote a short message and took it from Xu Guangping to Neishan Bookstore, where I called and called a doctor. He leaned back in his chair and gasped all day, unable to speak and sweating all over. Doctors and nurses tried various methods, but they couldn't alleviate the disease. That night, every time Xu Guangping wiped the sweat from his hands, he held her hand tightly, as if to hold his life. However, at six o'clock the next morning, he still failed to survive and died.

After trudging for fifty-six years, he finally came to the end of his life, and this end is a word: death.