The Original Text and Appreciation of Answering Sima Zhi Yan

Chinese is a polysemous word, usually abbreviated as language, literature and culture. Its original meaning is "language". Chinese class is usually regarded as a comprehensive subject of language and culture. The following is the original text and appreciation of "Answering Sima Suggestions" compiled by me for you, for reference only, and you are welcome to read it.

Answering Sima's Suggestions is an excerpt from Mr. Linchuan's Collection by Wang Anshi, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the article, the author refutes Sima Guang's five major charges of "invading officials, insurrection, levying profits, refusing to remonstrate, and complaining", and criticizes the ruthlessness of the literati class, showing his determination to persist in political reform. Sharp words and tit-for-tat are one of the famous refutations in ancient times.

Reply to Sima's suggestion

Some revelations: I was taught yesterday. I think I have traveled with you for a long time, but every discussion is different and my skills are different. Although I want to be strong, I will never be seen, so I will report it a little and will not defend myself one by one. Rethinking Meng Jun did see something thick, so it is not appropriate to repeat it rashly. Therefore, there is a way today, Ji Jun is really tolerant.

What is important to cover Confucianism, especially in the name; The name is clear, but the world is just. Today, when I met my teacher, I thought that I invaded the official, caused trouble, and took advantage of it without remonstrating, so that the world complained and slandered. One is to discuss statutes and restoration statutes in the imperial court at the order of the master, so as to give them a division and not infringe on officials; Take the former king's administration, promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages, but not make a living; Manage money for the world, not for profit; Those who want to ward off evil spirits and are hard to resist will not refuse to give advice. As for the number of complaints, we knew it before.

People are used to it for a long time, and most of the scholars are good at not caring about state affairs and flattering others with the same customs. In fact, I want to change this. If someone doesn't measure the number of enemies and wants to help them fight, what are people doing instead of being aggressive? Pan Geng's move, people who complain bitterly, is not a special court official. Pan Geng didn't change his degree for the complainer, but he didn't see it before moving, so he may regret it. If you really blame me for being in office for a long time and not helping the people of Jersey, then someone knows the crime. For example, if you don't do anything today, just keep what you did before, it's not something you dare to know.

Meet for no reason, don't just yearn for it!

translate

My dear Wang Anshi, please enlighten me: Thank you for your advice yesterday. Personally, I think we have maintained good contact with Shi Jun for a long time, but we often disagree when discussing political affairs. This is because our political views and methods are mostly different. Although I want to say a few words (to you), (but) after all, I must (yes) not be considered by (you), so (I) just wrote you a reply and stopped defending myself one by one. Think twice about your kindness to me. You shouldn't be careless in your correspondence, so now tell me the detailed reasons for doing so. I hope you can forgive me.

The issue debated by erudite scholars pays special attention to the consistency between name and reality. If the relationship between name and reality has been clarified, then the principle of the world will be clarified. What you are trying to teach me now is that I violated the authority of officials, caused trouble, competed for the wealth and interests of the people, and refused to accept different opinions, thus causing resentment and slander from all over the world. But in my opinion, accepting the emperor's orders, negotiating laws and regulations, and modifying (deciding) them in the court and handing them over to officials with special responsibilities (implementing) cannot be regarded as usurping official power; Carrying out the policy of an ancient wise monarch and using it to build a cause beneficial to the world and eliminate (various) ills cannot be regarded as making trouble; Rectifying finance to govern the world (this) cannot be regarded as (competing for profits with the people); Attacking incorrect remarks and refuting eloquent bad guys are not refusing to accept (others') suggestions. As for so much resentment and slander, that's what I expected.

This is not the life that people are used to. Most scholars think it is a good thing to please others regardless of state affairs, so the emperor wants to change this (bad) atmosphere, so I don't want to estimate the number of opponents, and I want to help the emperor resist this force with my own strength. Then why don't those people make a fuss (about me)? When Pan Geng moved the capital, even the common people complained, and (and) it was not just the literati in the court (against); Pan Geng won't change his plan because someone hates him; (this is him) considering that (moving the capital) is reasonable, and then acting decisively; I don't think there is anything to regret. If you really blame me because I have been in office for a long time and failed to help the emperor complete his great work and benefit these people, then I admit that I am guilty; If we say that we should do nothing now and stick to the old rules and regulations of our predecessors, then I dare not learn.

I didn't have a chance to meet you. I really admire it to the extreme.

Content appreciation

The argument of the full text is aimed at Sima Guang's accusation that the new law "invades officials, creates troubles, levies exorbitant taxes, refuses to remonstrate and complains", and points out that the Confucians are fighting for fame and reality. The name is clear, but the world is just. This shows that the reform is correct. Sima Guang's attack is not true, it's all fallacies. The article refutes Sima Guang's fallacies one by one, reveals its conservative and decadent nature, and shows the author's determination to persist in reform and not be moved by rumors and proverbs.

The first paragraph mainly expounds the reason and purpose of writing this letter. Because there are differences between them, I am writing to express my position and attitude. Wang Anshi wrote three meanings in the first sentence of the first paragraph: the first layer of "being taught yesterday" is a courtesy; On the second floor, I mentioned that I had been traveling with Sima Guang for a long time, which was very emotional and made Sima Guang very comfortable. The third layer quickly turned to "every disagreement in the litigation procedure will lead to many different skills", which has lightning potential and directly points out the reasons why the two can't hit it off politically. These three meanings are concentrated in one sentence, which shows a high degree of generalization and highlights the focus of differences. Don't hurt your feelings, be frank. The second sentence has two meanings. The first layer is: Sima Guang's opinion is very firm and will not change easily, so if he tries to be strong, he will certainly not be observed; For letters of more than 3,000 words, I will simply answer them without distinguishing them one by one. The second layer is: after careful consideration, Sima Guang attaches great importance to himself, and correspondence should not be rash. It should be explained in detail, and I hope Sima Guang can forgive him. This shows the author's attitude and method, showing calmness.

The second paragraph is the key part of the full-text rebuttal. The author refutes the conservative fallacy from the standpoint of "justified, the world is reasonable", which shows that he insists on political reform. Before refuting, put forward one of the most important principles-the question of name and reality. The name is formal, the words are fluent, and the movements are in place. However, from different positions, there will be different or even completely opposite views on whether the same thing (that is, "truth") is reasonable (that is, whether the name is "positive"). In his letter, Sima Guang accused Wang Anshi of "invading officials for insurrection and refusing to remonstrate, so that the world resented him". If these accusations are well-founded, it is very likely that the other party will fall into passive parry because of some superficial phenomena or specific facts, and the more excuses, the more unreasonable it will be; We must stand on high ground and profoundly reveal the essence of the matter, so as to fundamentally refute each other's accusations and vindicate the reform. First refute the "invasion of officials." The author doesn't care whether the implementation of the new law infringes on the specific phenomenon of some powers of relevant government agencies, but focuses on the overall situation, pointing out that the decision to carry out reform is "ordered by the people" and out of the will of the emperor; The formulation of the new law is to "discuss the law and amend it to the court", which is the conclusion reached by the court after careful discussion; Then "give it to the company" and deliver it to the specific competent department for execution. This kind of "acceptance", "discussion" and "granting" puts the whole process of the new law from decision-making, formulation to implementation on a completely just, reasonable and legal basis, and the "invasion of officials" theory will be self-defeating. The theoretical basis of the second refutation of "making waves" is "the rule of the former king" and its fundamental purpose is "promoting the advantages and eliminating the disadvantages". Such a "thing" is not a "nuisance" because it is superior to Wang Zhidao and inferior to the people of the country. Refuting "collecting money" again. It is enough to use the phrase "managing money for the world". Because the question is not whether to levy a profit tax, but for whom. If the fundamental starting point is correct, then the accusation of "collecting profits" will be untenable. Then refute "refusal to remonstrate". Only by refusing correct criticism and whitewashing peace is called refusing to remonstrate. Therefore, "it is difficult to forgive people to ward off evil spirits" has nothing to do with refusing to remonstrate. Finally, when talking about "there are many complaints and condemnations", I don't refute them directly, but just use the sentence "I knew it before", which is a contempt for this point and leads to the following discussion.

This paragraph is an excuse and a "defense" from the perspective of answering the other party's accusations; However, because the author grasps the essence of the problem and focuses on the overall situation, this excuse is not simply parrying defense, but defending the middle attack. For example, while refuting the crimes listed by Sima Guang, it also indirectly accuses the other party of violating the will of the "master" and the administrative management of the "former king" and failing to promote the benefits and eliminate the disadvantages for the world. In particular, the phrase "it is difficult to ward off evil spirits" puts the other party in an embarrassing position as a spokesman for evil beliefs. Of course, the exposure and attack on Sima Guang is mainly in the following paragraph.

In the third paragraph, the author further expounds his position and attitude, and at the end of the last paragraph, he fearlessly declares that there are many complaints. The author makes a sharp analysis of the origin of "complaining". First of all, it's not a day that people are used to sneaking around. Most court officials have adopted a good way to deal with the world without caring about state affairs, agreeing with popular customs and pleasing everyone. In Wang Anshi's poems, "wandering dog" is a conservative synonym; And "vulgarity" and "mass" are powerful social and political forces influenced by conservative thoughts. Their mental outlook and ideological essence were revealed here, which provided a reasonable basis for the emperor's "wanting to change this matter" and his "helping to resist it". Therefore, continuing to talk about "what is the public but not aggressive" can only show that the opposition of conservative forces is inevitable, but this does not mean that they are completely rational and powerful. Next, the author gives an example of Pan Geng's capital relocation in history, which shows that the fact that there are many opponents does not mean that the measures are wrong. As long as you "judge before you move" and make sure that you are right, there is no need to shrink back and regret. Pan Geng's move, even against the people, failed to make him change his plan, so the current political reform is only opposed by the conservative forces in the imperial court, and there is no reason to retreat. This is to illustrate the rationality and fairness of the current reform with historical reform examples, and to show that he will not change his firm attitude of determination because of many complaints. It can be said that Wang Anshi's code of conduct is a summary of the resolute spirit of all reformers in history.

As soon as I write here, it seems that the words have been finished. However, the author, playing hard to get, made way first, saying that if the other party blamed himself for being in office for a long time and failed to help the emperor do great things and benefit the people, then he would be guilty. Although this is not the intention of this article, it is from the heart. Then he reversed the past and made a positive statement: "If today, when everything is idle, you just keep what you did before, it is not something you dare to know." The euphemistic tone contains a sharp edge, which breaks the ideological essence of the conservatives represented by Sima Guang and hits the other side directly, making it completely exposed and speechless.

This short message is excellent in writing, economical and persuasive in writing, euphemistic and solemn in tone, which neither hurts personal friendship nor compromises opposition. The author's rhetoric and logical reasoning are carried out step by step from near to far, from far to near, and layer by layer by using the methods of refutation, guidance, comparison, proof, inspiration and analogy according to specific people and specific occasions. This is a typical work that refutes political papers.

About the author:

Wang Anshi (102 1-65438+ Linchuan, Fuzhou (now Liyang Village, Shangchi, dongxiang county, Fuzhou) was an outstanding politician, thinker and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was born in a small official family. Father's benefit, word loss, once a judge of Linjiang army, served as a county official in several States all his life. An Shi doesn't like reading very much and has a strong memory. He received a good education from an early age. In the second year (1042), he ranked fourth among the Jinshi in Yangzhen, and successively served as the provincial magistrate of Huainan, the magistrate of Yinxian, the provincial magistrate, the magistrate of Changzhou, and the criminal prison of Diaodian Jiangdong. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zongshen acceded to the throne at the beginning, and Zhao 'an learned Taoism from Jiangning House and was called a bachelor of Hanlin. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in political affairs. Since the third day of Xining, he has served as a member of the same school twice to publicize the new law. Nine years after the strike in Xining, he lived in seclusion in Zhongshan, Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and died of illness.

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Responding to Sima's teaching plan

Teaching objectives:

1, knowledge and ability objectives:

Be able to understand the meaning of sentences and accumulate the meaning and usage of some commonly used classical Chinese words.

2, emotion and value goals:

Be able to grasp the main points of the article and explore the information contained in the article.

3, process and method objectives:

Experience the author's determination to persist in reform and not be moved by rumors and popular views.

Emphasis and difficulty in teaching:

1. Appreciate answering Sima's suggestion in concise and powerful language.

2. In this paper, the author answered four questions in the process of reform implementation.

Class arrangement: one class.

Teaching process:

first kind

First, introduce a new lesson:

Looking back at history, some reformers who try to enrich their troops are often blocked by traditional forces, and Wang Anshi is no exception. Wang Anshi as a reformer and Sima Guang as a conservative are two tit-for-tat forces. They all tried to convince each other of their political views. In this book, in response to Sima Guang's suggestion, Wang Anshi insisted on his political views with a firm attitude and clear views, and refuted the views in Sima Guang's letter one by one.

Second, the title explanation:

"Book" is an ancient style, which means letter. When the ancients wrote letters, there were many themes, indicating who to write to. The themes of letters are mostly "Newspaper …… Letter", "Yu …… Letter", "Shang …… Letter" and "Answer …… Letter", such as An Shu (Sima Qian), Zhu Shu (Wu Jun), and Su Zhe. The title "Answering Sima's Advice" means: a letter to Sima's advice. In the second year of Xining in Song Shenzong (1069), Wang Anshi began to implement the new law as a political governor (equivalent to a prime minister). In the second year, Sima Guang, then a bachelor of Hanlin and a doctor of Quan Jian, wrote a long letter of more than 3,600 words to Wang Anshi, listing the disadvantages of the new law and demanding that Wang Anshi abandon the new law and restore the old system. This article is Wang Anshi's reply.

Third, reading experience.

(1) The teacher models the text.

When reading aloud, the speech speed is a little slow, so we should pay attention to the pause inside the sentence, so that students can more easily correct the improper pause in preview.

(2) Identify the next sound.

Resentment (bàng) people (nán) resentment (xù) Pan Geng (gēng) association (wù)

(3) Two students sitting at the same table or the front and back tables form a study group, listening to each other, reading and reading the full text.

(Requirements: Can read carefully, loudly, accurately and clearly; Can point out the mistakes and shortcomings in each other's reading. )

(4) Read aloud by name, and make comments jointly by teachers and students.

(You can start with whether the voice is loud, the pronunciation is accurate, the pause is reasonable, and the intonation is appropriate. )

⑤ Recite words

A: The author used it instead of his own name in the draft letter.

Kaiming: Thank you for your guidance.

Steal: modest words, in private, represent "I"

Fuck: Wait a minute.

Art: the way of governing the country, political opinions.

Force an explanation Noisy, noisy, noisy, there are many words here.

Report: reply.

Reflection: Think again.

Meet: treat.

Repeatedly: the letter is back.

Reckless: Hasty and rude.

Forgive me: forgive me.

Name and reality: name and reality.

Master: Emperor.

Invasion of officials: adding new officials and infringing on the powers of the original officials.

Cause trouble: cause trouble and disturb the people.

Levy profits: search for money and compete with the people for profits.

Refuse to give advice: not accepting other people's opinions.

Promotion: tools.

Exclude or refute.

Renren. com: traitor, traitor. Refers to a person who flatters and does not follow the right path.

Get used to muddling along: Get used to muddling along.

T-shirt: Think about it.

Aggressiveness: the sound of waves. This refers to the opposition to the new law.

Small resentment: mutual resentment. Refers to people's resentment against the world. Xu, help each other.

Fett: Not just.

Pat just ...

Degree (dù): Plan and advocate. Degree (duó): consider.

Ointment: Give benefits.

Do nothing: do nothing.

Dare to know: Dare to learn.

Know, learn and accept.

Shit: chance, opportunity.

No: invincible.

Just: sincere feelings.

Yearning for it: admiration to the extreme.

(6) Read aloud in groups, grasp the context and appreciate the context.

The full text is divided into three parts:

The first part: This paragraph mainly expounds the reason and purpose of writing this letter. Because there are differences between them, I am writing to express my position and attitude.

The second part: the key part of the full-text rebuttal. Based on the argument of "justified, the world is justified", the author refutes the fallacies of conservatives respectively and shows that he insists on political reform.

The third part: further clarify my position and attitude, and hope that I will not do these things from now on and stick to what my predecessor did. This is what I dare to learn.

The fourth part: The conclusion of the Letter Convention.

Fourth, reading aftertaste

Verb (abbreviation for verb) assigns homework.

1. Read the text and consolidate the accumulation of classical Chinese vocabulary in class.

2. Translate the paragraph 1-2 in uppercase or lowercase letters.