The younger generation in the family can talk when they are dead.

Funeral is a fierce ceremony among the six rites in ancient times, and it is also the last important event of life etiquette. People always hope that their dead relatives can find peace in the underworld, so they pay special attention to funeral matters. While trying to mourn the dead, they also flaunted their filial piety, which led to the growing scale, higher cost and more complicated customs of funeral and interment, which actually violated the old adage of "Love deeply and bury thinly".

Prepare for mourning

In the past, when an old man reached the age of 60, he could be called longevity. Therefore, when the old man is over 50 years old, his children begin to prepare for providing for the aged. The so-called funeral preparation is to prepare old clothes and coffins for the elderly. In the old society, it was impossible for folk farmers to prepare old clothes and coffins at one time because they did not have such economic strength, but arranged them one after another. Clothes are just preparation, there is no need to prepare in advance. Coffins can be punched in advance and placed in spare rooms, which are usually called longevity materials. Life-saving materials are composed of bottom, side and sky, and their materials and specifications depend on the economic conditions of bereaved people. The best material is cypress or beech, generally pine, followed by willow. Different materials have different specifications. As far as its thickness is concerned, there are "456", that is, six inches in the sky, five inches in the side and four inches in the bottom; There are "three two five", that is, two inches in the sky, two inches in the gang and two inches below; There is a "net 25", which is two inches and five inches in the sky, two inches on the side, one inch below and one inch behind; There is a "famine twenty-five", that is, the sky and the gang sawed the broken board by two inches and five inches respectively, and pushed it clean by less than two inches and five inches, so it was called "famine twenty-five". Those who fail to meet the above standards will be made of smaller materials, collectively known as thin-skinned coffins. Shrouds can only be made in advance when they are over 70 years old. People who die after 70 years old are commonly known as "weddings, funerals and weddings". For people under 70, the shroud is made temporarily. You can't cry or shed tears when making it, otherwise tears will drip on the shroud and the deceased will feel uneasy when wearing it. One end of the suture should not be knotted, so as not to make the dead go to the underworld bumpy. The number of shroud is double happiness, mostly five coats and three pairs of trousers. Because to go to the underworld, cotton-padded clothes are the main ones, men are black, women are black and blue, and men are cotton-padded hats and shoes. Both men and women use mattresses and pillows. The pillow is triangular, with chaff inside, and is sewn with red cloth. They are usually called "Yuanbao Pillow" or "Cock Pillow".

The beginning of the mourning period

In the old society, health institutions were very underdeveloped, with medicine but no medicine, and patients generally died in their own homes. Every old man who dies normally should try to avoid dying on the kang. The first funeral is to deal with the affairs before death. The human body consists of four parts:

When a patient is dying, he should bathe and change clothes for the patient first, commonly known as "dressing change". The bathrobe before dying is actually the last time the patient tidies up. The deceased is male and is usually taken care of by his son and daughter. Bathing and changing clothes are generally enough for dying people to wash their faces, get a haircut, wash their hands, feet, brush their bodies, get manicures, comb their hair, etc. And then put on "clothes for the elderly". If the patient dies on the kang before taking a shower and changing clothes, commonly known as "walking naked", the relatives of the deceased will regret it for life.

The custom of moving beds in Rongcheng prohibits patients from dying on the kang before they die. So after taking a shower and changing clothes, I moved to the main room, or the guest room, or the temporary bed. There are rules for building a spiritual bed, and you can't do whatever you want. The deceased is old and full of children and grandchildren, and the coffin bed can be higher. Two benches are arranged in parallel and placed on the door panel. When you are young and childless, the spiritual bed will be short, and the door panel can be padded with adobe. The bed was covered with old mattresses and pillows, and then the eldest son held his head, the second son held his feet, and others helped carry the patient to the bed on both sides. The position of the head, if you press the right button, you can face the east foot and face the west; According to the trend of soil vein, the head can be high and the feet can be low. After moving to the coffin bed, relatives wait around the clock and can't leave at all times, so as to spend the last moment, which is "death" and "mourning" for the patient. When the patient's life is dying, the children and relatives around him should cry sadly: "Dad (Mom) don't go, don't leave us!" Until you die, it is called "calling the soul."

After the patient died, he lay on his back, stuffed cotton wool under his chin, and stuffed copper coins wrapped in red paper into the mouth of the deceased, commonly known as "covering his mouth", to show that he left with money and his descendants prospered. Then cut off the hair of the son or great-grandson, put it in the face, insert a stick and put it in the hands of the deceased. This is called "Beating Dog Cake" and "dog stick". It is said that people have three souls and six souls. After death, six souls are scattered, but three souls are not scattered. One soul resides in a corpse, two souls are reincarnated, and three souls are Buddhist. Journey to the West is a long way, and there are many vicious dogs blocking it. You must drive it away with a stick or plug the dog's mouth with a cake. Because the cake is hairy, it will block the dog's throat and make it unable to bully. A lighted soybean oil lamp, commonly known as "corpse lamp", should be placed under the coffin bed to prevent cats and dogs from entering the mourning hall. A pot of half-baked rice is sprinkled with broken cakes, commonly known as "pouring rice", and the chest of the deceased is pressed with weight to avoid fraudulent corpse.

After the funeral is arranged temporarily, a piece of white paper should be put on the gate to inform the villagers that there is a funeral at home. Then there is mourning, or "evocation", commonly known as "hanging letters" in Rongcheng. In the past, it was cut into two sections with "Tai Sui" paper, one for each section, one for each year according to the age of the deceased, plus one for "Heaven" and one for "Earth", and it was divided into three sections with semicircle paper. The first and second sections are divided into two columns, one is two inches wide, the other is inches wide, the length is equal to the width of the paper, and they are all engraved with money; The third section is rectangular, with a square hole cut in the middle below, connected by a rope made of green hemp, provoked by a long pole, and hung by the door according to the male left and female right. Its function is not only used for evoking souls, but also for mourning to show that it is widely known.

The right path is also called mourning. After death, bereaved people must immediately send people to know their relatives and friends. Undertaker, mostly sons and nephews, went to relatives' homes in other villages with mourning under his arm. If the deceased is a woman, she must report her funeral to her family immediately. After meeting, I knelt down and kowtowed, claiming that "XXX died of illness." After the family got the bad news, they immediately went to see if they died normally. If they agree to be buried, they cannot be buried, otherwise they cannot be buried. In the past, obituaries or obituaries were mostly used by large families or scholarly families, while ordinary families passed them on by word of mouth. Every time the mourners go to a house, they should eat some rice or snacks, and they should not go home empty-handed, otherwise it will be bad for both sides, especially for those who are notified, and their lives will be ruined. The format of the obituary is as follows:

It's an obituary, which means that a certain gentleman (female writer Dajun) died at a certain age, died at a certain time this month (female writer slept in it), and shed tears on a certain day this month, that is, he mourned and waited for condolences, which was inappropriate.

Money is left in clothes;

twelve?o'clock?at?night

From the completion of the initial funeral to the funeral, it belongs to the mourning stage, commonly known as stopping the spirit. At this stage, extended families wake up and stop for three days, five bars, seven days or even a hundred days, while ordinary people only stop for three days. This stage includes burial, clothing, mourning, reporting to the temple, writing to the Lord and so on.

Burying the body of the deceased in a coffin is called burial. The burial time varies from place to place, and Rongcheng was carried out the day after death. The mourning hall is located in the mourning bed. Before burial, sprinkle a layer of lime or plant ash on the bottom of the coffin, lay a layer of straw, and then lay a layer of soybean dregs. Black beans are forbidden. In this way, after cutting and bedding, the body of the deceased will be carried up with a mattress and put into the coffin. The bedding, clothes and hats are arranged thoroughly, surrounded by straw, and the large family uses light grass. After filling in, leave the coffin lid unlocked, put it on the coffin bed, and remove the door panel. Hang curtains in front of the coffin, white cloth or white paper will do. In front of the account, there is a paper basin of incense table to worship the spirit tablet of the deceased (see below for the format of the spirit tablet). If the deceased has few children and no children, the words "dead man", "dead woman" and "dead daughter-in-law" can be marked on the middle and upper part of the spirit tablet. The spirit tablet is enshrined in the center of the incense table, with incense burners, wax tables, sacrifices and other sacrificial vessels in front. On both sides of the altar are boys and girls holding pots, towels, combs, paper-bound wine sets and tea sets. The lit incense sticks are placed horizontally on the incense burner and inserted vertically in the incense burner when my nephew mourns, which is called "helping incense". In case of heavy mourning, a small coffin should be placed under the coffin of the deceased to avoid disaster.

Chengfu is actually a saying of "Dai Xiao", that is, wearing mourning clothes. The types and duration of Dai Xiao vary with the distance of family members. In ancient China, there were five kinds of filial piety, which were called "five clothes", and the closest relatives served them, which were called beheading. They are sons and unmarried women as fathers, grandchildren as grandfathers and wives as husbands. Therefore, chopping is to bring his grief to the extreme. This kind of mourning clothes is made of extremely thick raw hemp, with burrs, and it will last for three years. The second is Qi Kuang, second only to Jian Kuang. The service period is one year, five months and three months, that is, the husband is the wife, the grandson is the grandfather for one year, the great-grandson is the great-grandfather in May, and the great-grandson is the great-grandfather in March. Great achievements followed, lasting for nine months. Cousins, married aunts and married women are served by uncles, which is also called labor service. Hong Xiao, this clan here is served by great-grandfathers, uncles, grandfathers, uncles and aunts for five months, and its cheeks are numb, which is the lightest of the five clothes. One, serving for three months, belongs to great-grandfather, great-grandfather, uncle and his parents-in-law. Although Li Zhan stipulated the cloth for each service system, white cloth was used for filial piety in China. Tear and chop the bottom, no cutting, no dazzling, no reeling, commonly known as raw edge mourning, no button, tied with wool and white cloth, round mouth without collar. My son, daughter-in-law, daughter and grandson are all wearing this kind of mourning clothes, with a filial piety belt on their heads and green hemp bundles in their hair. The filial piety hat worn by my son is sewn into a cylinder with white cloth, which is about a foot high. Many small folds are evenly folded at the top of the mouth, and then turned over after sewing. The lower mouth is two inches upward, with burrs, commonly known as the top filial hat. Women's hijab, that is, rectangular white cloth, is folded in half from the long side, and the four corners of the two groups overlap each other to form a shaft. Starting from both ends of the shaft, sew a foot along the long side to form a pointed cover, and when put on, the sharp corner is just opposite to the "lily". Nephews, grandchildren, son-in-law and nephews are all waiting to wear mourning clothes, ribbons and hats. However, according to the relationship between relatives and friends, wearing Taoist crown filial piety hats can be divided into balding and not balding. The bald head is worn closer, and the filial piety hat is worn directly on the head; If you don't wear a bald head lightly, put a filial hat on another hat and put it on your head; Great-grandchildren wear a hat with two horns, each of which is decorated with a red cloth strip; The two-corner mourning hat worn by Xuansun is sewn with yellow cloth instead of white cloth. Men and women in mourning need to cover their uppers with white cloth, commonly known as "hidden shoe face". Children, such as grandparents and parents, can be cheated, otherwise they can't be cheated. The time of hiding increases with the death of the old man. A woman embedded a piece of red cloth in her heel and then hid it in the red cloth. The length of shoes hidden by other people who wear filial piety decreases with the distance of filial piety.

When you become a servant, you have to ask the master of ceremonies. Dai Xiao hat, the dutiful son, pays tribute with the guests and kowtows (prostrate, bend over and kneel; Run, head and ground), add a beam crown (a hat with a beam made of paper, with white stripes on the beam and five dutiful sons; My nephew and grandson together), Liang Tou (rub the rope with green hemp or straw, tie the rope to the bottom of the rope, which is about four inches long and one inch wide, cover your eyes to make them "else", and plug your ears with two cotton balls on each side to make them "not listen"), and wear linen (generally cut the first half of the middle with a sack cloth about three feet long and one and a half feet wide).

Breaking filial piety refers to the people who mainly attend the funeral, that is, those who wear five pieces of clothes inside, and need to issue corresponding mourning clothes according to the distance, which is commonly known as "tearing the hat of filial piety" locally. If economic conditions permit or large families, they should be allocated in full. For those who occupy Qi Qi, they must distribute cloth to all those who occupy Qi Qi. Rural people don't have this ability, but only give filial piety to their closest relatives, such as daughters, sons-in-law, grandchildren and nephews, while others only give a "filial hat". This is the origin of "tearing the hat of filial piety". Other undertaker arranged and borrowed it by themselves. Fortunately, all the mourners under Qi Qi wore side clothes and borrowed white jackets. Therefore, it is relatively simple to break the rural filial piety.

Mourning is commonly known as "crying". When the deceased died, his daughter, daughter-in-law, granddaughter or close third daughter who failed to protect the god of death came to attend the funeral after receiving malicious letters. When you are near the village, you need to walk in tears to avoid suspicion of unfilial, commonly known as crying. Others say it is to lead the way for the dead. It is said that after death, the soul will fly around and even lose its way. At this time, someone crying can wake up the flying soul and follow the crying to the mourning hall to protect the body. So after hearing the crying, the younger generation or the younger generation at home ran outside the village to meet and cry. When the two sides meet, they bow down to each other twice on one leg. Then, the newcomers came first, and the welcoming guests cried together in the hall.

After the death of the person who reported to the temple, the eldest son or load-bearing grandson led his children and grandchildren, holding a fragrant paper plate in his hand, and "reported to the temple" in the land temple. Silence when you go, and mourn at the same time. In fact, I went with the soul of the dead; When he came back, the earth god left the soul of the dead, so he mourned. It is said that the ghost king is in charge of people's life and death, and the land Lord is his local official. The ghost of the deceased was held in the land temple for three days before he met the Yan. Reporting to the temple is to send the ghost of the deceased to the land temple. Therefore, after reporting to the temple, you should immediately send soup to the ghost of the deceased to prevent the ghost from being hungry. Sending soup is different from reporting to the temple, and the wife who reports to the temple does not participate; Family members of both men and women who deliver soup should attend. First of all, an elder of the same age should be invited as the leader, holding a crock full of mud in one hand and a wooden spoon in the other, splashing mud along the way to entertain wild ghosts, and all the family members should follow. Halfway through the trip, the women stopped and knelt on the roadside crying and offering sacrifices, while the men followed their elders to burn paper and incense in front of the earth temple to offer sacrifices to the gods. This is called soup delivery, also called paper delivery, which is divided into morning, noon and evening three times a day for three consecutive days. After the sacrifice, when the male relatives returned, the female relatives stood up and returned with them. Arriving at the door, the son and daughter-in-law knelt on both sides of the door according to the male left and the female right, allowing other dutiful sons to enter the mourning hall as soon as possible, and then stood up and entered the room. After the "paper feeding", the horse or sedan chair will burn backwards. It used to be done in three times. Later, people reported to the temple, gave the pulp, and burned the horse together, that is, after the pulp was given, the horse was burned. If you burn your head, you have to go to the Chenghuang Temple. Rongcheng used to belong to Wendeng County, and the Town God Temple was located in the northwest. The northwest is dry and sunny, but I have to go to the northwest because of the city god. Before burning, draw a circle on the ground and disconnect the northwest door. The dutiful son cried, "Dad, get on the horse, a northwest humanitarian!" " "The dead woman sat in a sedan chair. The upside-down horse was tied with stalks and paper.

Before that, write a road guide and a horse guide. The road leads in the arms of the dead, and the horse leads in the chest. The format of the road guide is:

Lingbao sent a message to the road.

According to a photo, the newly-added deceased in a village in a county of a province died on a certain day in a certain year. Now, he is a haunted house, riding a white horse, and his wallet is full of gold and silver. He can't stop him from going through Tianjin Pass. If he breaks the law, he will be punished by the law and is duty-bound. It's hidden in the chest.

Any day

There is another way to write it:

Rongcheng purlin XXX (surname of magistrate of a county)

Send information to the road.

The father (or mother) who was photographed in a village in a county of a province died on a certain day in a certain year (women slept in it, not 60 people died of illness), riding a white horse and crossing the border of Tianjin without hindrance.

The correct Oracle is well known, but it is true.

Lingbao Temple

Any day

Ma Yin:

Lingbao sent a message to Ma.

According to a photo, the new deceased, a county, a capital, a province and a village, is now the Yin Mansion, with a white horse in his body and a purse in it. There is a groom with gold and silver in it. He is not allowed to leave, nor can he be prevented from crossing the river. If there is a criminal, hell pays,

Don't violate it. Stick to the horse's chest.

Any day

If the deceased is a woman, she will take a sedan chair. The route is basically the same as that of men, except that "a white horse" is changed to "a sedan chair", "a groom" is changed to "four sedan chairs" and "two factory rings" are added.

Yingbin Jingjing, also known as Mingjing, is made of red silk or red cloth, half to two feet wide and long. The official title, fame, surname, name and age of the deceased shall be written vertically, and the age of the deceased shall be written first. The format is as follows:

Huang Qing (or China) was born in a city (or official title). The words "a", "a" and "enjoy life" all have certain numbers and are famous for their lines.

In advance, Chen Jing was put on a shelf outside the village, and a sacrificial table, incense burner, wax table and thousands of coins were set up. Please invite guests before greeting, so as to prepare for greeting. When greeting, people will light incense and candles. The dutiful son bowed and knocked at the door, led him in front and settled in the Jingpeng. If there is no Beijing shed, it can be placed in a conspicuous position or hung in the middle of the hall shed. Then, all the guests were invited to bow to Jing, kowtowing three times and knocking nine times, and the dutiful son knelt beside him. After the worship, the dutiful son gives the guests a prone gift to bid farewell, which is generally called a bow and two knocks. When the guest knocks on the door for the second time, he politely refuses to be received as a sign of humility. When guests receive gifts, they will put them on the left. When most guests are invited to worship, they should not be paid for nothing, or only paid for not meeting each other.

The theme is to write the plaque of God. God consists of three parts: cover, niche and monument. The cover, also known as the rafter, is covered outside the niche, with a circle carved on the front, left and right, and three (stems) on the left circle representing men; The right circle 33 (Kun) represents women and is called Gankun Gate. The niche is made of high-quality wood and can accommodate the monument to the gods. The niche is divided into squares with wooden strips, and each square has a monument according to the number of the dead buried together. The tablet is made of chestnut, which means it is a son. About seven inches high and less than one inch thick, it is divided into three parts: powder surface, depression and base.

The vermicelli and the sinkhole are integrated, and the top is semicircular. The oblique stubble in the semicircle is sawed down and then cut vertically. The back fan is connected with the top, called tiankeng, and its thickness accounts for about two-thirds. The top of the sawed sector can just be embedded in the chute in the middle and upper part, which is called powder surface. The base is 10 foot high, 2 inches wide and 3 inches long. The upper part of the base is pushed into a slope shape, and the chisel depth is about two points, which is just the same as the powder surface and the depression, and the powder surface is depressed. When talking about this issue, the dutiful son used wooden pallet to deliver the master's suite and tablet computer to the concierge, held a four-knock welcoming ceremony, held the master above his head and walked on his knees for at least three steps. The hostess took it and handed it to the concierge. The concierge will separate the noodles from the noodles and ask the noodles first.

At this point, the dutiful son kneels in the next step, which is the so-called kneeling problem. In the middle of the vermicelli, it says, "A certain gentleman in the house is afraid of a certain god king", while the woman says, "A certain gentleman is afraid of a certain god king", and the name of the worshiper falls on the lower left. The eldest son dies first, and the other sons can't be vindicated, but should be enshrined by the load-bearing grandson, and write the ancestral exam (Yan). For example, if there are several dutiful sons, you can only add the name of the eldest son, but not the name of the successor. In the trap, the name, age and travel times of the deceased are written, and the times are given, such as "Huang Qing" and "China". The date of death is written on the right, and the left and right lines are two or three words lower than the middle. The number of words should be double, not single, and the requirements are the same as writing a spirit tablet. As for why you want to write about the king of God, it is because the dead are big, and people who are not famous generally dare not add this point. This "point" is mainly to belittle the king, fearing that the undead will not spare, so it can only be written as the king of God. Please ask the concierge to post a message. The title of the post is similar to the wedding post, but the content and signature are different. For example, "lonely (bereavement) crying or weeping blood"; Write "sad son" when the mother is mourning, and "lonely sad son" when the parents are mourning. If the host's concierge is invited, the post is:

I want to clean beans one day in a month and give a good speech.

Jizhong

Red

Glory returns to the clan and wins the sense of inscription.

Right qi

Last/better/previous/last name

Your Excellency, Mr. XXX, Mr. XXX, King Dade

Lonely son, XXX, sobbed for blood.

Beans are ancient high-legged plates, and cassocks are wine vessels, which means to prepare a clean dining table and table before Mr. Wang arrives. After writing, the dutiful son knelt to hold the master back to Ji Ling and kowtowed four times. Generally speaking, guests can only receive half of the gifts. Guests, deacons, monks and Taoists all have posts, and the post style is similar to that of guests.

Hanging sacrifice, also known as mourning sacrifice, is an important form of mourning for the dead. Rongcheng people's funeral period, from funeral to funeral, stopped at home for three days. During this period, men don't shave their hair, women don't comb their hair, sleep on pillows and stay in front of guards day and night to show filial piety. At three o'clock a day, incense and paper are burned, and wine is soaked with tears. It is the so-called "roast chicken paper in the morning and burn incense at night". These three days have also become mourning days. Friends and relatives make friends, and relatives and neighbors bring fragrant paper to mourn. Rongcheng pays attention to the deceased, and peers also kowtow. Most of them are kowtowing, and the younger generation is kowtowing. Generally, mourners only send incense paper, and relatives or large families hold funerals. The mourners should not only prepare fragrant paper, but also send elegiac couplets and handfuls. Black, white and blue cloth is used to carry bags. The width is equal to the width, and it is seven to eight feet long. There is a note with the opposite background color on it, which reads:

So-and-so Weng, an old gentleman, has grown up for generations.

Post heart can be seen in the choice of men and women, occupation, reputation and so on. Such as "Looking forward to the Hometown Meeting", "Returning to the Purple Mansion" and "Tian Ge's Revision".

Write so-and-so respect

Relatives of the deceased should accompany the mourners. After the hanging ceremony, the relatives of the deceased bowed to their relatives and friends with their right knees, which is called Xiao Xie. As for the large family, whether it is paper delivery or condolences, it is praised by the concierge. The rituals are generally as follows: "the dutiful son kneels", "the first kowtow, the second kowtow, the third kowtow", "get up" and "kneel down". The dutiful son kneels, knocks or gets up according to the editor's order. Before the early years of the Republic of China, the word xing was used instead of xing, and to say xing was to stand up.

Coffins are also called big coffins. In the past, considering that patients might fake their death and recover, they all died without coffins, and staggered coffins with coffins. If it is not locked, there will be a two-inch hole between the coffin and the gang. On the third day, the deceased had no hope of recovery, so he closed the coffin. Open the lid of the coffin before closing it. After the dutiful son burned incense, paper and wine, the relatives of the deceased looked around the coffin in order of seniority and age and bid farewell to the body. If it is not the elders of the clan who come to pay tribute to the remains, even if the seniority is very low, they should sit in the first place, and the dutiful son should help them pay tribute to the remains and send them to the door. Then, cover the coffin with a falcon and fasten the lid with seven spikes (commonly known as descendants' nails). When riveting, relatives shouted "so-and-so, hide the nail", then riveted the coffin tightly, and the ceremony was over.

After the coffin was sent to Panchuan, the ghost of the deceased was about to set off from the land temple and set off to the west. At this time, the relatives of the deceased will send Panchuan to the deceased for expenses on the road. Sending Panchuan is usually done at noon or evening the next day, because a lot of wood will be burned, usually in the open field or at the head of the village. In the past, the average family had to tie up at least three rooms and several servants and maids for the dead. In front of and behind the house, all the treasures, silver coins and yellow paper money should be wrapped and sealed in bags to prevent other ghosts from taking the initiative. As for the large family, the spirit of sending Panchuan is very strong, and there are all kinds of pavilions, even if it is between three and five. The front door is full of Jinshan silver cellar, cornucopia and cash cow, full of cows, pigs, carriages, servants and maids, with their names written on the back. Sacrifice to the temple before delivering food, which means to pay bribes to the land god, that is, burn incense in front of the land god, drink alcohol and bow down, and pray that the land god will not be embarrassed to detain ghosts and let him leave smoothly as soon as possible. After doing the work of the land Lord, we will burn Panchuan to offer sacrifices to send ghosts to the West. The dutiful son and the relatives of the deceased have to knock three steps and send the west twenty steps to come back, which means to send the ghost away.